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    <title>Twenty Five Years After Imagined Worlds, What World Are We Living In? | THR Web Features | Web Features | The Hedgehog Review</title>
    <dc:date>2026-06-07T00:41:06+00:00</dc:date>
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    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Our surprisingly Napoleonic twenty-first century."

[via: https://hedgehogreview.com/web-features/thr/posts/twenty-five-years-after-imagined-worlds-what-world-are-we-living-in ]

"Erik J. Larson

Erik J. Larson is author of The Myth of Artificial Intelligence: Why Computers Can't Think the Way We Do (Harvard University Press, 2021). His forthcoming book is Machineland: How the Myth of Artificial Intelligence Has Shaped the 21st Century So Far.

***

This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of famed scientist and author Freeman Dyson’s Imagined Worlds. The book, fashioned from a series of lectures Dyson gave in Jerusalem in 1995, is partly a historical discussion about why technologies—some familiar, like nuclear power, others not, like airships—succeed or fail in what he called a Darwinian process of selection. It’s also an enjoyable piece of futurism. He delighted in the possible, and in Imagined Worlds he speculated boldly about space colonization and an entirely new species evolved from future humans. Dyson was aware of the difficulties of prediction—Imagined Worlds fails to anticipate the rise of the Internet or World Wide Web—yet like H.G. Wells, whom Dyson admired, he leaves us with a sense of having encountered important ideas on a journey led by someone who knows the terrain.  

Imagined Worlds was Dyson’s attempt to explore, as he put it, “the interaction of technology with human affairs.” Like the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, he thought science “moved ahead along old directions” until a conceptual revolution. Unlike Kuhn, he thought scientific revolutions could also be driven by tools, by technology. He explained that science and technology entered “Napoleonic” phases, when big institutions with deep pockets set research agendas, and “Tolstoyan” periods, when scientists engage more in tinkering and exploration. Napoleonic was “rigid organization and discipline”; Tolstoyan was “creative chaos and freedom.” Where are we now?

Science and technology today are Napoleonic. Silicon Valley is now Big Tech, the age of garage start-ups being long behind us. Neuroscience is pursued with “exascale” supercomputers and big data. Ditto physics, which also relies on billion-dollar particle accelerators like CERN’s seventeen kilometer long Large Hadron Collider. Consumers—you and me—now provide data to cloud servers, centralized repositories (“cloud” is a misnomer) of massive datasets owned by a relatively small number of governments and organizations. If anyone is “tinkering” with science and technology these days, they are not making the news. We live in Napoleonic times.

The world circa 2000 was not Napoleonic. Little more than two decades ago people were experimenting madly with technologies, business models, and seemingly everything else. Business theorists predicted that industries would demassify and disintermediate, old media gatekeepers would fall, products like encyclopedias would simply disappear, and entire industries would revamp, collapse, reshape, and emerge. Not just the tech world but the entire world seemed to be in a constant state of flux. Venture capital flowed out of a cornucopia. The NASDAQ hit 5,000 in March 2000, though the dot-com bubble burst roughly a year later. 

In the years before that setback, when Imagined Worlds was published, ideas about the future direction of science and technology were diverse, interesting, and abundant. Kevin Kelly, co-founder of Wired magazine, predicted in his 1998 hit New Rules for the New Economy that computer networks would replace the PC as the dominant feature of information technology. He missed the iPhone, understandably, but he saw the future of the Web not as PCs with modems but as a vast network of devices. In essence, he predicted the Internet of Things. Kelly envisioned the coming networked world, the new web, as “ground up,” amounting to a kind of revolution in business and society in which, instead of corporate bosses sitting atop hierarchies executing plans, networks of people would conjure and promote ideas in waves of unpredictable innovation. New Rules for the New Economy reads like a paean to creativity and human freedom, all made possible by liberating society from the old stodgy big business models and yesterday's tech and ideas. Kelly was foretelling a Tolstoyan future, Dyson’s “creative chaos and freedom.”

But surprising to many, big business made a reappearance in the “new economy.” In her now famous 2002 book Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital, business theorist Carlota Perez argued that investment frenzy and stock market crashes precede periods of technology maturation, in which the promise and fruits of a tech revolution become evident. Technology revolutions have an installment phase, she wrote, followed by a deployment phase. Then (if conditions are right) comes a “golden age” marked by growth, employment, and successful consolidation of new businesses and industries. Like Google. And Facebook. Perez's analysis—applicable to earlier golden ages, such as those of steel and electricity, oil, and mass production—accurately predicted what would happen to the Web as it matured in the new century.

What Perez didn't see—or didn't discuss—was the connection between the Napoleonic changes in society and culture and the maturing phases of a tech revolution. She described this calcification in terms of the economy—dwindling profits, unemployment. Dyson described it in terms of the minds of scientists and practitioners—a loss of creative chaos and freedom. A rigidified status quo. Today’s status quo is data-driven AI and Big Tech. Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. If Kelly’s “new economy” at the turn of the century was a soft drink, the world we inhabit today is a 7-11 Big Gulp. Kelly and others of his ilk assumed networking meant Tolstoyan freedom. Like others, he assumed a “power-to-the-people” movement would derail big corporations and gate keepers and empower Everyday Joes. Big Brother was supposed to disappear, not return on steroids.

Enter the new Napoleonic. Predictably, tech pundits and critics have largely abandoned bottom-up rhetoric for worries about top-down big data collection, housed in server farms owned by big tech companies. Our imagined world has become a kind of bureau of statistics for government and big business (and science), which treat digital data as intelligence and value, not as something connected to billions of humans and their ideas.

We can’t lay the blame on Big Tech alone. The data-centric model was an irresistible path to profits and growth. The Web was bound to mature commercially one way or the other, and large—not small—companies were the likely result.

But the “bureau of statistics” mindset is now a problem. It dominates thinking everywhere, not just in technology businesses aiming for sticky ads and more captive users. Nearly every institution one can point to today, from government to science, media, medicine, insurance, and many others, embraces a centralized, data-capture model requiring massive computing resources and actively downplaying human ingenuity in favor of number crunching and prediction. More troubling perhaps, is the way this has shaped the zeitgeist. Confidence in human smarts and imagination seems at an all-time low. Entire books are written now on how people are, in effect, cognitively biased, limited, and indeed stupid. Given this cultural climate, Dyson’s time of “creative chaos and freedom” seems not only distant but beyond recovery.

Dyson called the Cold War science of the 1950s and 1960s Napoleonic because research occurred mostly in huge companies like RAND and involved teasing out the implications of earlier scientific results from brilliant Tolstoyan tinkerers like Max Plank or Albert Einstein. As in our present time, results were achieved through the investment of huge sums of money, and were typically conservative in scope, reflecting already formed interests and agendas. Much of the money during that time was spent on making larger fission, then fusion bombs. The math was already done. That time and ours both correspond to Perez’s depiction of a fully matured technology revolution showing signs of slowdown and decay. We seem to have wandered into the 1950s again, this time with Web companies instead of IBM and General Motors.

Artificial intelligence has become thoroughly Napoleonic as well. It is a textbook case in calcification. Large, central repositories of data now power ubiquitous artificial intelligence algorithms, which are great for self-navigating drones and automated surveillance cameras but frustratingly poor at basic conversation and other cherished facets of human intelligence. Among other worries, data-centric AI today requires massive amounts of old-fashioned electricity, still largely supplied by conventional fossil fuels. And the central data version of AI is adept at various forms of malfeasance, as everyone now knows. We are increasingly caught in fake news and deep fakes of facial and other unreal images, generated by today’s Big Data AI. Depressingly, the seventy-plus-year program of artificial intelligence is largely equated with centralized data repositories and statistical number crunching today. Younger generations probably don’t know that Napoleonic, Big Data AI is only one approach, one way of conceiving machine intelligence. Big Data AI makes sense in a fully matured technology world, with big players like Google and Facebook. It doesn’t make sense for Tolstoyan tinkerers, who have no access to supercomputers or petabytes of others’ personal data.

Fortunately, the twenty-first century is still young. A little over two decades into the last century was—true—a midway point between two catastrophic wars. But scientists were enjoying Tostoyan freedom. Relativity and then quantum mechanics were discovered, without the supervision or control of big science or big business. Henry Ford was mass producing automobiles, but automobiles would enjoy decades of further Tolstoyan tinkering. Tellingly, computers had not arrived in 1922, and no one anticipated the revolution they would bring. We can only wonder what imagined, and unimagined, worlds still await us in this century.Our surprisingly Napoleonic twenty-first century.

[via: https://hedgehogreview.com/web-features/thr/posts/twenty-five-years-after-imagined-worlds-what-world-are-we-living-in ]

Erik J. Larson

Erik J. Larson is author of The Myth of Artificial Intelligence: Why Computers Can't Think the Way We Do (Harvard University Press, 2021). His forthcoming book is Machineland: How the Myth of Artificial Intelligence Has Shaped the 21st Century So Far.



This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of famed scientist and author Freeman Dyson’s Imagined Worlds. The book, fashioned from a series of lectures Dyson gave in Jerusalem in 1995, is partly a historical discussion about why technologies—some familiar, like nuclear power, others not, like airships—succeed or fail in what he called a Darwinian process of selection. It’s also an enjoyable piece of futurism. He delighted in the possible, and in Imagined Worlds he speculated boldly about space colonization and an entirely new species evolved from future humans. Dyson was aware of the difficulties of prediction—Imagined Worlds fails to anticipate the rise of the Internet or World Wide Web—yet like H.G. Wells, whom Dyson admired, he leaves us with a sense of having encountered important ideas on a journey led by someone who knows the terrain.  

Imagined Worlds was Dyson’s attempt to explore, as he put it, “the interaction of technology with human affairs.” Like the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, he thought science “moved ahead along old directions” until a conceptual revolution. Unlike Kuhn, he thought scientific revolutions could also be driven by tools, by technology. He explained that science and technology entered “Napoleonic” phases, when big institutions with deep pockets set research agendas, and “Tolstoyan” periods, when scientists engage more in tinkering and exploration. Napoleonic was “rigid organization and discipline”; Tolstoyan was “creative chaos and freedom.” Where are we now?

Science and technology today are Napoleonic. Silicon Valley is now Big Tech, the age of garage start-ups being long behind us. Neuroscience is pursued with “exascale” supercomputers and big data. Ditto physics, which also relies on billion-dollar particle accelerators like CERN’s seventeen kilometer long Large Hadron Collider. Consumers—you and me—now provide data to cloud servers, centralized repositories (“cloud” is a misnomer) of massive datasets owned by a relatively small number of governments and organizations. If anyone is “tinkering” with science and technology these days, they are not making the news. We live in Napoleonic times.

The world circa 2000 was not Napoleonic. Little more than two decades ago people were experimenting madly with technologies, business models, and seemingly everything else. Business theorists predicted that industries would demassify and disintermediate, old media gatekeepers would fall, products like encyclopedias would simply disappear, and entire industries would revamp, collapse, reshape, and emerge. Not just the tech world but the entire world seemed to be in a constant state of flux. Venture capital flowed out of a cornucopia. The NASDAQ hit 5,000 in March 2000, though the dot-com bubble burst roughly a year later. 

In the years before that setback, when Imagined Worlds was published, ideas about the future direction of science and technology were diverse, interesting, and abundant. Kevin Kelly, co-founder of Wired magazine, predicted in his 1998 hit New Rules for the New Economy that computer networks would replace the PC as the dominant feature of information technology. He missed the iPhone, understandably, but he saw the future of the Web not as PCs with modems but as a vast network of devices. In essence, he predicted the Internet of Things. Kelly envisioned the coming networked world, the new web, as “ground up,” amounting to a kind of revolution in business and society in which, instead of corporate bosses sitting atop hierarchies executing plans, networks of people would conjure and promote ideas in waves of unpredictable innovation. New Rules for the New Economy reads like a paean to creativity and human freedom, all made possible by liberating society from the old stodgy big business models and yesterday's tech and ideas. Kelly was foretelling a Tolstoyan future, Dyson’s “creative chaos and freedom.”

But surprising to many, big business made a reappearance in the “new economy.” In her now famous 2002 book Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital, business theorist Carlota Perez argued that investment frenzy and stock market crashes precede periods of technology maturation, in which the promise and fruits of a tech revolution become evident. Technology revolutions have an installment phase, she wrote, followed by a deployment phase. Then (if conditions are right) comes a “golden age” marked by growth, employment, and successful consolidation of new businesses and industries. Like Google. And Facebook. Perez's analysis—applicable to earlier golden ages, such as those of steel and electricity, oil, and mass production—accurately predicted what would happen to the Web as it matured in the new century.

What Perez didn't see—or didn't discuss—was the connection between the Napoleonic changes in society and culture and the maturing phases of a tech revolution. She described this calcification in terms of the economy—dwindling profits, unemployment. Dyson described it in terms of the minds of scientists and practitioners—a loss of creative chaos and freedom. A rigidified status quo. Today’s status quo is data-driven AI and Big Tech. Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. If Kelly’s “new economy” at the turn of the century was a soft drink, the world we inhabit today is a 7-11 Big Gulp. Kelly and others of his ilk assumed networking meant Tolstoyan freedom. Like others, he assumed a “power-to-the-people” movement would derail big corporations and gate keepers and empower Everyday Joes. Big Brother was supposed to disappear, not return on steroids.

Enter the new Napoleonic. Predictably, tech pundits and critics have largely abandoned bottom-up rhetoric for worries about top-down big data collection, housed in server farms owned by big tech companies. Our imagined world has become a kind of bureau of statistics for government and big business (and science), which treat digital data as intelligence and value, not as something connected to billions of humans and their ideas.

We can’t lay the blame on Big Tech alone. The data-centric model was an irresistible path to profits and growth. The Web was bound to mature commercially one way or the other, and large—not small—companies were the likely result.

But the “bureau of statistics” mindset is now a problem. It dominates thinking everywhere, not just in technology businesses aiming for sticky ads and more captive users. Nearly every institution one can point to today, from government to science, media, medicine, insurance, and many others, embraces a centralized, data-capture model requiring massive computing resources and actively downplaying human ingenuity in favor of number crunching and prediction. More troubling perhaps, is the way this has shaped the zeitgeist. Confidence in human smarts and imagination seems at an all-time low. Entire books are written now on how people are, in effect, cognitively biased, limited, and indeed stupid. Given this cultural climate, Dyson’s time of “creative chaos and freedom” seems not only distant but beyond recovery.

Dyson called the Cold War science of the 1950s and 1960s Napoleonic because research occurred mostly in huge companies like RAND and involved teasing out the implications of earlier scientific results from brilliant Tolstoyan tinkerers like Max Plank or Albert Einstein. As in our present time, results were achieved through the investment of huge sums of money, and were typically conservative in scope, reflecting already formed interests and agendas. Much of the money during that time was spent on making larger fission, then fusion bombs. The math was already done. That time and ours both correspond to Perez’s depiction of a fully matured technology revolution showing signs of slowdown and decay. We seem to have wandered into the 1950s again, this time with Web companies instead of IBM and General Motors.

Artificial intelligence has become thoroughly Napoleonic as well. It is a textbook case in calcification. Large, central repositories of data now power ubiquitous artificial intelligence algorithms, which are great for self-navigating drones and automated surveillance cameras but frustratingly poor at basic conversation and other cherished facets of human intelligence. Among other worries, data-centric AI today requires massive amounts of old-fashioned electricity, still largely supplied by conventional fossil fuels. And the central data version of AI is adept at various forms of malfeasance, as everyone now knows. We are increasingly caught in fake news and deep fakes of facial and other unreal images, generated by today’s Big Data AI. Depressingly, the seventy-plus-year program of artificial intelligence is largely equated with centralized data repositories and statistical number crunching today. Younger generations probably don’t know that Napoleonic, Big Data AI is only one approach, one way of conceiving machine intelligence. Big Data AI makes sense in a fully matured technology world, with big players like Google and Facebook. It doesn’t make sense for Tolstoyan tinkerers, who have no access to supercomputers or petabytes of others’ personal data.

Fortunately, the twenty-first century is still young. A little over two decades into the last century was—true—a midway point between two catastrophic wars. But scientists were enjoying Tostoyan freedom. Relativity and then quantum mechanics were discovered, without the supervision or control of big science or big business. Henry Ford was mass producing automobiles, but automobiles would enjoy decades of further Tolstoyan tinkering. Tellingly, computers had not arrived in 1922, and no one anticipated the revolution they would bring. We can only wonder what imagined, and unimagined, worlds still await us in this century."]]></description>
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    <title>“The open web and the world of hobbyist and small-scale devices (often built on the Raspberry Pi) are our remaining refuges of Tolstoyan computing.” - Alan Jacobs</title>
    <dc:date>2026-06-07T00:34:17+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://social.ayjay.org/2026/06/06/freeman-dyson-it-often-happens.html</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Freeman Dyson (1997) [Imagined Worlds: https://archive.org/details/imaginedworlds00dyso ]:

<blockquote>It often happens that a scientific revolution is accompanied by a change in style. I like to use the names of Napoleon and Tolstoy to symbolize two contrasting styles: rigid organization and discipline represented by Napoleon, creative chaos and freedom represented by Tolstoy. In the world of computers, Napoleon is the massive IBM main-frame; Tolstoy is the humble Macintosh. The computer revolution was an escape from the Napoleonic ambitions of von Neumann to the Tolstoyan anarchy of the Internet. Future revolutions will bring more such escapes.</blockquote>

The big AI companies are the apotheosis — literally, in the view of many who work for them — of Napoleonic science. The open web and the world of hobbyist and small-scale devices (often built on the Raspberry Pi) are our remaining refuges of Tolstoyan computing. See also: Erik Larson reflecting on Dyson in 2022 [https://hedgehogreview.com/web-features/thr/posts/twenty-five-years-after-imagined-worlds-what-world-are-we-living-in ]."]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="https://unsung.aresluna.org/book-review-maintenance-of-everything-part-one/">
    <title>Book review: Maintenance: Of Everything (Part One) – Unsung</title>
    <dc:date>2026-04-02T00:18:52+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://unsung.aresluna.org/book-review-maintenance-of-everything-part-one/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The new book by Stewart Brand is tackling a subject that’s important to me. The introduction struck a chord:

<blockquote>The apparent paradox is profound: Maintenance is absolutely necessary and maintenance is optional. It is easy to put off, yet it has to be done. Defer now, regret later. Neglect kills.

What to do? Here’s a suggestion: Soften the paradox, and the misbehavior it encourages, by expanding the term “maintenance” beyond referring only to preventive maintenance to stave off the trauma of repair—brushing the damn teeth, etc. Let “maintenance” mean the whole grand process of keeping a thing going.</blockquote>

Ultimately, alas, the book doesn’t really expand on this suggestion. While the volume feels rich and dense in some ways – illustrations, extra commentary, highlights – its surface area ultimately appears to be rather shallow. Ironically, given the subject matter, it feels like Brand fell prey to a bunch of “sexy” stories, some of them only tangentially related to maintenance.

I will just say it: I wish the author was more woke. The book is very male-coded. The main chosen areas of investigation are: motorcycles! tanks! guns! wars! There are moments towards the end where Elon Musk and Bill Gates are talked about as if it was still 15 years ago and we haven’t actually learned anything since. (No word of Cybertruck, either.)

We know maintenance tends to be unrewarded and forgotten come promotion time. We know that tedious tasks are often assigned to women and people of color while white men go around doing “genius things.” It’s hard to imagine women not being present in a book about maintenance, and yet – and I wish I was joking – the only woman of any significance in the entire book is… The Statue Of Liberty.

That aside, before opening the book, I hoped it would provide me some vocabulary and evolved thinking about maintenance that I could put to use, and there are some moments where it almost approaches what I wanted from it. Here’s a passage:

<blockquote>Powell credits the Israeli military with a mindset that naturally viewed damaged tanks as soon-to-be-repaired tanks, rather than the irredeemable flotsam of battle. The fact that [Israeli] commanders thought in these terms gave purpose and direction to the maintenance-related technical and tactical skill their crews possessed.</blockquote>

This is fascinating. Tell me how? Tell me what was needed to make it happen? But, unfortunately, outside of some basic tenets of “give the rank and file more freedom to do things” and “embrace improvisation,” the book doesn’t seem to offer more.

Elsewhere, there is this quote:

<blockquote>In almost every plant I worked at, QA was seen as a hindrance to hitting productivity metrics. We never got credit for a well-maintained manufacturing capability, but QA almost always got blamed when things went wrong.</blockquote>

…which, again, felt like a fascinating thread to pull on. But instead of digging deeper, this is left hanging without investigation.

The book doesn’t really have a proper ending with synthesis of what came before, and generally meanders a lot – to a point that the table of contents has more “digressions” than actual subjects. It also feels occasionally rambling and occasionally showing off (name-dropping people like Kevin Kelly and Freeman Dyson, or quotes from “beta-tester” readers that mostly serve to paint Brand in a positive light), which takes away from otherwise brisk writing and at times truly excellent storytelling. (The first chapter in particular is fantastic.)

If you want an easy-to-read, breezy, well-typeset book filled with historical anecdotes, and the above caveats do not bother you, this might be a fun read! But I expected more from it.

The one place where the book shines is pointing people toward other books – there are pages that feel more like literature review (done really well!), and the end matter has bibliography and recommended reading with notes. So in that way, while disappointing in and of itself, it could also become an interesting starting off point for more research."

[See also:
https://kottke.org/26/04/stewart-brand-maintenance

"I was thankful to read Marcin Wichary’s review of Stewart Brand’s Maintenance: Of Everything. I first heard about the book months and months ago; it sounded potentially interesting but I was afraid it was going to suffer from a now-familiar myopia of the “tech” old guard. Wichary writes:

<blockquote>I will just say it: I wish the author was more woke. The book is very male-coded. The main chosen areas of investigation are: motorcycles! tanks! guns! wars! There are moments towards the end where Elon Musk and Bill Gates are talked about as if it was still 15 years ago and we haven’t actually learned anything since. (No word of Cybertruck, either.)

We know maintenance tends to be unrewarded and forgotten come promotion time. We know that tedious tasks are often assigned to women and people of color while white men go around doing “genius things.” It’s hard to imagine women not being present in a book about maintenance, and yet — and I wish I was joking — the only woman of any significance in the entire book is… The Statue Of Liberty.</blockquote>

Oof. Yeah. Writing a book with that title (and its attendant aspirations) while ignoring the expertise and experiences of the vast majority of the world’s population (and more than half of the US population) is just not good enough at this point. It’s lazy and incurious, especially for an author frequently lauded as the opposite of both.

(Bit of a sharp turn perhaps, but a recent contrast to Brand’s approach is the PBS series The American Revolution, directed by Ken Burns, Sarah Botstein, and David Schmidt. Instead of yet another retelling of the Revolutionary War focused on battles, Founding Fathers, and heroic tales of the good guys, Burns and his team drew from a broader pool of participants (many voices of women, free & enslaved Black people, Native Americans, etc.) and emphasized the extent to which the Revolution was many different things to many different people: a fight for freedom, a campaign to continue the enslavement of Black people, a cover for raping & pillaging, and the birth of a new colonizing nation. The result was a balanced, truthful, and insightful look at the war, an event that should be reckoned with at least as much as it’s celebrated.)"

and 

Take this as you will, but I asked Claude if Brand had written substantively about women during his career and it responded:

<blockquote>Based on my research, here's what I can tell you about when Stewart Brand has written substantively about women across his books and magazine work. The short answer is: remarkably rarely, and this absence has itself become a subject of scholarly attention.</blockquote>

Lol."]]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/">
    <title>A ‘Rebel’ Without a Ph.D. | Quanta Magazine</title>
    <dc:date>2024-08-13T15:56:35+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[A conversation with the mathematical physicist Freeman Dyson on quantum electrodynamics, climate change and his latest pet project.
]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="https://blog.ayjay.org/useful-thinkers-in-three-kinds/">
    <title>useful thinkers in three kinds – The Homebound Symphony</title>
    <dc:date>2024-08-08T19:41:48+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://blog.ayjay.org/useful-thinkers-in-three-kinds/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Useful thinkers come in three varieties. The Explainer knows stuff I don’t know and can present it clearly and vividly. This does not require great creativity or originality, though Explainers of the highest order will possess those traits too. The Illuminator is definitionally original: someone who shines a clear strong light on some element of history or human experience that I never knew existed. (Though sometimes after reading something by an Illuminator I will think, Why didn’t I realize that before?) The Provoker is original perhaps to a fault: Ambitious, wide-ranging, risk-taking, Provokers claim to know a lot more than they actually do but can be exceptionally useful in forcing readers to think about new things or think in new ways.

Some 20th-century thinkers who have been vital for me over the years:  

- Explainers: Charles Taylor, Mary Midgely, Freeman Dyson  

- Illuminators: Mikhail Bakhtin, Iris Murdoch, Michael Oakeshott 

- Provokers: Gregory Bateson, Kenneth Burke, Simone Weil 

It’s especially important not to allow the Provokers to convince you that they’re Explainers or Illuminators. This is I think the great error of Girardians: If you take Girard as an Explainer, as they do, then his influence is likely to be disastrous; but if you were to see him as a Provoker, then he could be quite helpful to you. 

Kierkegaard once wrote in his journal, “If Hegel had written the whole of his logic and then said, in the preface or some other place, that it was merely an experiment in thought in which he had even begged the question in many places, then he would certainly have been the greatest thinker who had ever lived. As it is, he is merely comic.” That is, Hegel could have been the greatest of the Provokers, but, alas, he thought he was an Illuminator. (One of the ironies here is that Kierkegaard himself sought largely to be a Provoker in his pseudonymous writings, but that work has consistently been taken as illumination. The works Kierkegaard signed with his own name, the ones in which he genuinely tried to illuminate, have been largely ignored.) Much the same could be said of Rousseau: marvelous and wonderful as a Provoker, but God help the reader who takes his purported illuminations seriously. 

Obviously one shouldn’t be too legalistic here: Some great thinkers might fulfill one role in one book, a different role in another book (Francis Bacon is the first example that comes to mind). And some of the greatest books serve to explain, illuminate, and provoke all at once — though this is quite rare, and probably no book has an equal distribution of the three virtues. (I may say more about this later, in a post on humanistic scholarship.) But I find these categories useful in helping me to know what I can reasonably expect to get out of the books I read. 

Possible topic for another post: Whether novelists and poets can be fit into these categories as well. "]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="https://thedigradio.com/podcast/the-dig-presents-alien-jerky-sold-here/">
    <title>The Dig Presents: Alien Jerky Sold Here · The Dig</title>
    <dc:date>2023-09-16T19:11:27+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://thedigradio.com/podcast/the-dig-presents-alien-jerky-sold-here/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["If you look, you’ll see. Most people don’t look.

Produced by Stephen Cassidy Jones and Liza Yeager.

Edited by Mitchell Johnson, with editorial oversight from Daniel Denvir.

Featuring Mark Pilkington, Valerie Kuletz, and Trevor Paglen.

Topics: Extraterrestrial"]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="https://twitter.com/Rainmaker1973/status/1637177203405344770">
    <title>Massimo on Twitter: &quot;The public has a distorted view of science because children are taught in school that science is a collection of firmly established truths. In fact, science is not a collection of truths. It is a continuing exploration of mysteries.&quot; </title>
    <dc:date>2023-06-18T20:50:36+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://twitter.com/Rainmaker1973/status/1637177203405344770</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The public has a distorted view of science because children are taught in school that science is a collection of firmly established truths. In fact, science is not a collection of truths. It is a continuing exploration of mysteries." — Freeman Dyson]]></description>
<dc:subject>freemandyson science truth truths mysteries curiosity education schools schooling children howwelearn knowledge knowing schooliness unschooling deschooling certainty uncertainty</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://granta.com/la-ville-morte/">
    <title>La Ville Morte | Benjamín Labatut | Granta</title>
    <dc:date>2022-07-18T19:05:09+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://granta.com/la-ville-morte/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The Covid-19 pandemic is ravaging cities across the world, but up here in the mountains little has changed.

I am writing this during the last days of May, in a remote town in the south of Chile. Across the country, millions of people are in lockdown, quarantined or self-isolating in their homes, surviving, as it were, at the edge of life, which is exactly how the professor of microbiology, E. Rybicki, described the peculiar territory that viruses have claimed for themselves. Here in the southern hemisphere, May is the month when the last flowers wilt and the fiery colors of autumn carpet the ground. For wild animals, food becomes scarce; in Santiago, pumas now roam the streets.

They have come down from the Andes attracted by the eerie silence that has fallen over the capital during the nation-wide curfew. These sleek phantoms, that no Chilean is truly familiar with, as they are shy and elusive beasts that avoid humans at all costs, are being filmed as they strut along posh neighbourhoods by people who have never seen a predator up close in their lives. Here in my own garden, a charm of hummingbirds fights over the last drops of nectar. One of them ferociously guards the feeder I have hung among the many creepers and vines which I stubbornly try to grow, year in and year out, in spite of the fact that the winter frosts kill most of their new shoots. I have never seen hummingbirds in such numbers. I used to have to lie still in wait for a very long time before one of these emerald creatures would appear, now they almost bump into me as they dive around, blinded as they are by rage and thirst. Their bickering is a spectacle which I can’t help but enjoy, although I’m aware that it is a sign of just how cruel the drought here in Chile has become, for the wild flowers and blossoms they depend on are now few and far between. Theirs is a hectic life of constant hunger, miniscule hearts racing at a thousand beats per minute. To us, they are enthralling wisps of beauty gone in the blink of an eye, delicate as the flowers on which they gorge; to them we are slow as trees and drab as brown clay. Violence is the one thing we share: their beaks, needle sharp, are constantly clashing over food meant for much smaller things. A hummingbird must eat incessantly or die. Like us, they rest at night, falling into torpor, a state of suspended animation during which their body temperature drops below hypothermia, their breathing stops almost completely and their heartbeats slow to a crawl. Fluffed in a nest or hanging upside down, their sleep is death-like, deeper than anything we could ever imagine, filled with nectar dreams. Although they weigh less than three grams, they can withstand levels of turbulence that would rip a fighter jet apart, and yet they are far from perfect grace and die in many ways. It takes only a couple of hours with no food for them to starve. Some don’t survive the cold of night, are clawed by cats or break their tiny skulls by crashing against our windows. Others die writhing in pain after being stung by angry wasps or swarms of covetous bees. Agriculture and urban expansion destroy their habitats, pesticides and toxic mold poison their blood, but even in death they retain much of their beauty, as if it were a final gift to us from this sun-kissed bird: their diminutive corpses, if left in light, will remain perfectly preserved, for their every tissue is drenched in sugar."]]></description>
<dc:subject>benjamínlabatut freemandyson 2020 pandemic covid-19 coronavirus death pandemics hummingbirds climatechange pumas mountainlions nature chile humans language memes williamburroughs mazamet humanity bodies animals morethanhuman multispecies santiago wildlife cougars</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.wired.com/magazine/2012/02/ff_dysonqa/all/1">
    <title>Q&amp;A;: Hacker Historian George Dyson Sits Down With Wired's Kevin Kelly | Wired Magazine | Wired.com</title>
    <dc:date>2012-02-19T21:36:02+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.wired.com/magazine/2012/02/ff_dysonqa/all/1</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["In some creation myths, life arises out of the earth; in others, life falls out of the sky. The creation myth of the digital universe entails both metaphors. The hardware came out of the mud of World War II, and the code fell out of abstract mathematical concepts. Computation needs both physical stuff and a logical soul to bring it to life…"

"…When I first visited Google…I thought, my God, this is not Turing’s mansion—this is Turing’s cathedral. Cathedrals were built over hundreds of years by thousands of nameless people, each one carving a little corner somewhere or adding one little stone. That’s how I feel about the whole computational universe. Everybody is putting these small stones in place, incrementally creating this cathedral that no one could even imagine doing on their own."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>artificialintelligence ai software nuclearbombs stanulam hackers hacking alanturing coding klarivanneumann nilsbarricelli MANIAC digitaluniverse biology computing freemandyson johnvanneumann interviews creation kevinkelly turing'smansion turing'scathedral turing wired history computers georgedyson digitalorganisms nuclearweapons atomicbomb atomicbombs wiredmagazine</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/dec/22/how-dispel-your-illusions/?pagination=false">
    <title>How to Dispel Your Illusions by Freeman Dyson | The New York Review of Books</title>
    <dc:date>2011-12-10T23:44:03+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/dec/22/how-dispel-your-illusions/?pagination=false</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The violent and passionate manifestations of human nature, concerned with matters of life and death and love and hate and pain and sex, cannot be experimentally controlled and are beyond Kahneman’s reach. Violence and passion are the territory of Freud. Freud can penetrate deeper than Kahneman because literature digs deeper than science into human nature and human destiny."]]></description>
<dc:subject>psychology books freemandyson danielkahneman williamjames literature science cognition decisionmaking humans emotions measurement experiments illusions illusionofvalidity cognitiveillusions</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:2646e0b83b21/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://snarkmarket.com/2011/7320">
    <title>Bless the toolmakers « Snarkmarket</title>
    <dc:date>2011-09-06T07:48:47+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://snarkmarket.com/2011/7320</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[So much here in Robin's post and the comments that I'm not going to quote anything. Lots to think about.]]></description>
<dc:subject>tools apple pixar arts art robinsloan snarkmarket creativity creation media freemandyson roolmaking liberalarts lasting building software design writing timcarmody</dc:subject>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:writing"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://caterina.net/wp-archives/98">
    <title>Caterina.net» Blog Archive » Make things</title>
    <dc:date>2011-09-03T20:41:24+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://caterina.net/wp-archives/98</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[John Holt: "Leaders are not what many people think–people with huge crowds following them. Leaders are people who go their own way without caring, or even looking to see whether anyone is following them. “Leadership qualities” are not the qualities that enable people to attract followers, but those that enable them to do without them. The include, at the very least, courage, endurance, patience, humor, flexibility, resourcefulness, determination, a keen sense of reality, and the ability to keep a cool and clear head even when things are going badly. This is the opposite of the “charisma” that we hear so much about."

…People ask me who inspires me…often stumps me because I have been inspired in my work by stuff that people make… [bunch of examples]…the people who make these things are my leaders. Most of the time I don’t know their names. Sometimes I’m lucky & do.

So, to hell with all that noise. It’s just a big mass of envy, chatter & FOMO. Let’s get excited & make things."]]></description>
<dc:subject>leadership caterinafake johnholt making doing entrepreneurship inspiration noise talk technology techindustry whatmatters cv freemandyson</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jul/14/dramatic-picture-richard-feynman/?pagination=false">
    <title>The ‘Dramatic Picture’ of Richard Feynman by Freeman Dyson | The New York Review of Books</title>
    <dc:date>2011-07-27T19:56:41+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jul/14/dramatic-picture-richard-feynman/?pagination=false</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["a scientist who was unusually unselfish…hated all hierarchies…wanted no badge of superior academic status to come btwn him & his younger friends…considered science to be a collective enterprise in which educating the young was as important as making personal discoveries…put as much effort into teaching as…thinking.

…never showed the slightest resentment when I published some of his ideas before he did…told me he avoided disputes about priority in science by following a simple rule: “Always give the bastards more credit than they deserve.” I have followed this rule myself. I find it remarkably effective for avoiding quarrels & making friends. A generous sharing of credit is the quickest way to build a healthy scientific community. In the end, Feynman’s greatest contribution to science was not any particular discovery. His contribution was the creation of a new way of thinking that enabled a great multitude of students & colleagues, including me, to make their own discoveries."]]></description>
<dc:subject>richardfeynman freemandyson books humanity humanism unselfishness hierarchy leadership teaching learning science philosophy physics collectivism discovery collaboration 2011</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:66bc4a1dd06f/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://snarkmarket.com/2011/6679">
    <title>What is social information? « Snarkmarket</title>
    <dc:date>2011-02-27T07:27:20+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://snarkmarket.com/2011/6679</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Wallace has already signaled that this is going to be a paragraph about repetition to exhaustion or even injury before he even does it. You could say he needs to keep clarifying & repeating these things because his sentences are so convoluted that otherwise you couldn’t follow them, but 1) his syntax is pretty clear 2) it’s not like he’s a freak about specifying everything… But it’s also just Wallace — who understands all of this, by the way, better than we do: communication, information, redundancy, efficiency, purity, the dangers of too much information, and especially the fear of being alone and the need to find connection with other human beings — creating a structure that allows him to ping his reader, saying “I am here”… and waiting for his reader to respond in kind, “I’m alive right now; I’m a person; look at me.” ]]></description>
<dc:subject>timcarmody snarkmarket davidfosterwallace infinitejest language solitude loneliness human need information redundancy efficiency purity clarity communication infooverload connectedness connection freemandyson malcolmgladwell devinfriedman ycombinator dailybooth expression jamesgleick congo kele languages words pinging drums 2011 northafrica revolution revolutions media raymondcarver history cannon signaling</dc:subject>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:cannon"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/mar/10/how-we-know/?pagination=false">
    <title>How We Know by Freeman Dyson | The New York Review of Books</title>
    <dc:date>2011-02-23T10:42:30+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/mar/10/how-we-know/?pagination=false</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The public has a distorted view of science, because children are taught in school that science is a collection of firmly established truths. In fact, science is not a collection of truths. It is a continuing exploration of mysteries. Wherever we go exploring in the world around us, we find mysteries. Our planet is covered by continents and oceans whose origin we cannot explain. Our atmosphere is constantly stirred by poorly understood disturbances that we call weather and climate. The visible matter in the universe is outweighed by a much larger quantity of dark invisible matter that we do not understand at all. The origin of life is a total mystery, and so is the existence of human consciousness. We have no clear idea how the electrical discharges occurring in nerve cells in our brains are connected with our feelings and desires and actions."

"The immense size of modern databases gives us a feeling of meaninglessness. Information in such quantities reminds us of Borges’s library extending infinitely in all directions. It is our task as humans to bring meaning back into this wasteland. As finite creatures who think and feel, we can create islands of meaning in the sea of information. Gleick ends his book with Borges’s image of the human condition: "We walk the corridors, searching the shelves and rearranging them, looking for lines of meaning amid leagues of cacophony and incoherence, reading the history of the past and of the future, collecting our thoughts and collecting the thoughts of others, and every so often glimpsing mirrors, in which we may recognize creatures of the information.""]]></description>
<dc:subject>freemandyson books language meaning science information history theory jamesgleick wikipedia borges libraryofbabel jimmywales mooreslaw claudeshannon infinitelibrary relationships pupose infooverload thelibraryofbabel</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/2010/12/the-danger-of-cosmic-genius/8306/">
    <title>The Danger of Cosmic Genius - Magazine - The Atlantic</title>
    <dc:date>2010-11-12T21:17:09+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/2010/12/the-danger-of-cosmic-genius/8306/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Einstein could not make change…bus drivers of Princeton had to pick out his nickels & quarters for him. We dimmer bulbs love to seize on tales like this…comforted by the notion of the educated fool. It seems only right that some leveling principle should deprive the geniuses among us of common sense, street smarts, mother wit…

Having myself grown up in Berkeley, where Nobel laureates are a dime a dozen, I certainly know the syndrome: mismatched socks, spectacles repaired with duct tape, forgotten anniversaries & missed appointments, valise left absentmindedly on park bench. Yet hometown experience did not prepare me completely for Dyson. In my interviews…he would sometimes depart the conversation mid-sentence, his face vacant for a minute or two while he followed some intricate thought or polished an equation, & then he would return to complete the sentence as if he had never been away. I have observed similar departures in other deep thinkers, but never for nearly so long."

[via: http://ayjay.tumblr.com/post/1554470717/having-myself-grown-up-in-berkeley-where-nobel ]]]></description>
<dc:subject>climatechange environment physics science freemandyson georgedyson 2010 genius childhood alberteinstein concentration thinking parenting biography religion faith belief sustainability</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:0d48772a602b/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:2010"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study">
    <title>Institute for Advanced Study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
    <dc:date>2010-08-29T19:14:14+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Richard Feynman on the place: "When I was at Princeton in the 1940s I could see what happened to those great minds at the Institute for Advanced Study, who had been specially selected for their tremendous brains and were now given this opportunity to sit in this lovely house by the woods there, with no classes to teach, with no obligations whatsoever. These poor bastards could now sit and think clearly all by themselves, OK? So they don't get any ideas for a while: They have every opportunity to do something, and they're not getting any ideas. I believe that in a situation like this a kind of guilt or depression worms inside of you, and you begin to worry about not getting any ideas. And nothing happens. Still no ideas come.

Nothing happens because there's not enough real activity and challenge: You're not in contact with the experimental guys. You don't have to think how to answer questions from the students. Nothing!"]]></description>
<dc:subject>education princeton science thinking ideas richardfeynman teaching explaining constraints freedom challenge motivation instituteforadvancedstudy freemandyson alberteinstein paulerdos</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:f1ee7841f086/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/opinion/15brand.html">
    <title>Op-Ed Contributor - Four Sides to Every Story - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2009-12-16T05:11:59+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/opinion/15brand.html</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The calamatists and denialists are primarily political figures, with firm ideological loyalties, whereas the warners and skeptics are primarily scientists, guided by ever-changing evidence. That distinction between ideology and science not only helps clarify the strengths and weaknesses of the four stances, it can also be used to predict how they might respond to future climate developments."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>stewartbrand climatechange freemandyson science politics</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:bc894fa87261/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:stewartbrand"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/09/29/freeman_dyson/">
    <title>Freeman Dyson, global warming, biotechnology, evolution, science and religion | Salon Books</title>
    <dc:date>2009-03-29T21:42:34+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/09/29/freeman_dyson/</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["For me, religion is much more about a community of people than about belief. It's fine literature and music. As far as I can tell, people who belong to my church don't necessarily believe anything. Certainly we don't talk about that much. I suppose I'm a better Jew than I am a Christian. Jewish religion is much more a matter of community than it is of belief, and I think that's true of us Christians to a great extent, too."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>freemandyson religion christianity atheism richarddawkins evolution technology climatechange science belief community biotech physics ecology environment climate life philosophy future faith</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/b:b0d11418739a/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:christianity"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:richarddawkins"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:robertogreco/t:evolution"/>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?pagewanted=all">
    <title>The Civil Heretic - Freeman Dyson - Profile - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2009-03-29T20:41:16+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?pagewanted=all</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["All 6 Dysons describe eventful child­hoods w/ people like Feynman coming by...father...always preaching virtues of boredom: “Being bored is the only time you are creative”...Around the Institute for Advanced Study, that intellectual Arcadia where the blackboards have signs on them that say Do Not Erase, Dyson is quietly admired for candidly expressing his doubts about string theory’s aspiration to represent all forces and matter in one coherent system. “I think Freeman wishes the string theorists well,” Avishai Margalit, the philosopher, says. “I don’t think he wishes them luck. He’s interested in diversity, and that’s his worldview. To me he is a towering figure although he is tiny — almost a saintly model of how to get old. The main thing he retains is playfulness. Einstein had it. Playfulness & curiosity. He also stands for this unique trait, which is wisdom. Brightness here is common. He is wise. He integrated, not in a theory, but in his life, all his dreams of things.”"
]]></description>
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    <title>George Dyson (science historian) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
    <dc:date>2008-08-20T18:33:44+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["When he was sixteen he went to live in British Columbia in Canada to pursue his interest in canoeing and escape his father's shadow. While there he lived in a treehouse at a height of 30 metres."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>georgedyson freemandyson learning education freedom autodidacts passion immersion alternative autonomy unschooling deschooling autodidactism</dc:subject>
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    <title>Freeman Dyson says: let's look for life in the outer solar system | Video on TED.com</title>
    <dc:date>2008-07-15T05:42:52+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/freeman_dyson_says_let_s_look_for_life_in_the_outer_solar_system.html</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["suggests that we start looking for life on the moons of Jupiter and out past Neptune, in the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. He talks about what such life would be like -- and how we might find it."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>freemandyson astrobiology biology biotechnology exploration future space life technology play gamechanging change diy make making</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/07/where_the_linea.php">
    <title>Kevin Kelly -- The Technium - Where the Linear Crosses the Exponential</title>
    <dc:date>2008-07-05T20:40:57+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/07/where_the_linea.php</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["individual lives proceed in linear fashion...Generations...advance steadily...pushed by compounding cycles of exponential change...Balancing that point where the linear crosses the exponential is what long-term thinking should be about."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>kevinkelly economics future culture science environment religion freemandyson sustainability environmentalism</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21494">
    <title>The Question of Global Warming - The New York Review of Books</title>
    <dc:date>2008-06-02T22:12:27+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21494</link>
    <dc:creator>robertogreco</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Unfortunately, some members of the environmental movement have also adopted as an article of faith the be-lief that global warming is the greatest threat to the ecology of our planet. That is one reason why the arguments about global warming have become
]]></description>
<dc:subject>environment globalwarming science climatechange politics climate economics carbon environmentalism skeptics socialism sustainability freemandyson earth religion belief</dc:subject>
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