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    <title>Pinboard (elizrael)</title>
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    <description>recent bookmarks from elizrael</description>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://trendsresearch.org/insight/syria-at-one-year-post-assad-priority-risks-and-the-path-for-a-durable-transition/#_ftnref43"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-protests-trump-01-15-26"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.sot-sy.com/article/1732"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2021/07/syrian-regime-hardline-loyalists-terrorize-civilians-in-homs-after-presidential-elections/"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.kas.de/en/web/syrien-irak/single-title/-/content/escaping-from-duopoly-rule"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://aljumhuriya.net/en/2021/02/19/greater-jail-politics-prison-syria/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.mei.edu/publications/games-without-frontiers-renegotiating-boundaries-power-iraqi-kurdistan"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://newpol.org/the-other-regional-counter-revolution-irans-role-in-the-shifting-political-landscape-of-the-middle-east/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://daraj.com/en/75500/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://ovdinfo.org/articles/2022/03/28/enemies-state-how-institution-denunciations-returns-russia"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://raseef22.net/article/1085990-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/22/kurdistan-region-iraq-flawed-trial-journalists-activists"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/on-turkish-clubhouse-a-brief-experiment-in-a-more-open-web/"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://stj-sy.org/en/1222/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-politics-nassiriya-int/iraqi-activists-eye-political-mainstream-after-protest-movement-crushed-idUSKBN2AA277"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://damascusv.com/archives/34708"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/69795"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8fGcGANDic"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.watira.com/news/80154-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7.html"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719?amp%253Butm_medium=rss"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/67858"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://syriaaccountability.org/library/walls-have-ears/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://ctc.usma.edu/back-into-the-shadows-the-future-of-kataib-hezbollah-and-irans-other-proxies-in-iraq/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/5/31/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2011-09-07-Syrie-un-officier-superieur-parle"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/28/syria-arrests-torture-armed-group"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/02/after-latest-turn-muqtada-al-sadr-losing-influence-iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/01/21/repeated-military-victory-over-palestinians-pushed-israel-to-the-far-right"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://adimagazine.com/articles/the-price-of-a-voice/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/08/18/violence-and-protest-in-south-iraq/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/reform-not-violence-will-ease-iraqi-kurdish-protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pomeps.org/patterns-of-mobilization-and-repression-in-iraqs-tishreen-uprising"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/06/kurdistan-region-iraq-media-offices-shut-down"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-hafez-al-assad-hijacked-the-baath-party-and-the-state-50-years-ago-41587"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/reporters-notebook-navigating-threats-iraqi-kurdistan?fbclid=IwAR1upHjbc_W_MmIyEwDQ32mUE4KBJFAWZZdCCqO10LsaM7nZjimtjjkX4r0"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://merip.org/2013/01/why-the-egyptian-army-didnt-shoot/"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/world/africa/sudan-power-sharing-deal.html"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://merip.org/2019/12/trauma-as-a-counterrevolutionary-strategy/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/08/the-village-of-arab-said-interview"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://coar-global.org/2020/06/01/m4-opens-as-russia-flexes-muscles-in-nes/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/world/middleeast/coronavirus-egypt-america-africa-asia.html"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/the-twilight-of-the-iranian-revolution"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://medium.com/@SACD/after-a-year-of-deaths-expropriation-and-arrests-in-yalda-2020-begins-with-mass-arrests-of-8a2866d8047"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/hamas-arrests-gaza-peace-activists-for-zoom-chat-with-israelis"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/magazine/united-arab-emirates-mohammed-bin-zayed.html"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/16/iraq-state-appears-complicit-massacre-protesters"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-protests-iran-snipers-exclusive-idUSKBN1WW0B1"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/20/feature/politics/presidents-eldest-son-mahmoud-al-sisi-sidelined-from-powerful-intelligence-position-to-diplomatic-mission-in-russia/"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nader-hashemi-on-the-protests-in-iran-violence-reflects-the-iranian-regimes"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://justpaste.it/5ycu8"/>
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    </items>
  </channel><item rdf:about="https://syriadirect.org/with-rare-movement-in-suwayda-damascus-deadlock-can-a-solution-emerge/">
    <title>With rare movement in Suwayda-Damascus deadlock, can a solution emerge?  - Syria Direct</title>
    <dc:date>2026-03-19T10:15:33+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://syriadirect.org/with-rare-movement-in-suwayda-damascus-deadlock-can-a-solution-emerge/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[On February 20, less than a week before the exchange, security tensions broke out in Suwayda following the kidnapping of Sheikh Yahya al-Hajjar, the former leader of the Men of Dignity movement, one of the province’s most influential military formations. Al-Hajjar—who was replaced one day before the faction joined the National Guard last August—was taken from his farm by a “security office affiliated with the National Guard” and released a few hours later, Azzam said. ]]></description>
<dc:subject>kidnapping PrisonerRights Druze Sweida HTSregime repression</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:7219f98a59ee/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2026/01/20/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8">
    <title>اقتحام مؤتمر الإرادة الحرة بالسويداء.. بسبب إعلان جبل العرب؟</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-22T03:09:58+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2026/01/20/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>authoritarian_regime Sweidaa repression militia Druze</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:93ed9a12d859/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://trendsresearch.org/insight/syria-at-one-year-post-assad-priority-risks-and-the-path-for-a-durable-transition/#_ftnref43">
    <title>TRENDS Research &amp; Advisory - Syria at One Year Post Assad: Priority Risks, and the Path for a Durable Transition</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-21T06:21:10+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://trendsresearch.org/insight/syria-at-one-year-post-assad-priority-risks-and-the-path-for-a-durable-transition/#_ftnref43</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Beyond legal ambiguity, there is a consistent critique of dysfunctional governance and severe bureaucratic capacity deficits. Interviewees describe the government’s structure as amateurish, lacking coordination, and suffering from immense human resource weaknesses.[6] The bureaucracy is reported to operate under an “invisible ceiling,” indicating a pervasive lack of initiative and a culture of risk aversion, partially a legacy of decades of centralized control under the Ba’ath system.[7] This suggests that the problem extends beyond a mere skills gap to a systemic pathology where individual initiative is disincentivised.]]></description>
<dc:subject>Syria corruption civil_society brain_drain HTSRegime SAA poverty repression</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:48a354b07d13/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-protests-trump-01-15-26">
    <title>January 15, 2026 - Iran protests updates | CNN</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-16T08:12:48+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-protests-trump-01-15-26</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[According to a European military assessment seen by CNN, they belong to armed groups loyal to Tehran – like Kataib Hezbollah, Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba, Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada and the Badr Organization. These Iraqi militias operate within the umbrella group known as the Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF).

]]></description>
<dc:subject>militia Iraq PMF Iran Iranprotests repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:9474f8f56b0c/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/2026/01/iran-revolution-protests-collapse/685578/">
    <title>Is the Iranian Regime About to Collapse? - The Atlantic</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-12T10:07:24+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.theatlantic.com/international/2026/01/iran-revolution-protests-collapse/685578/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The Islamic Republic is today a zombie regime. Its legitimacy, ideology, economy, and top leaders are dead or dying. What keeps it alive is lethal force. The most important element still missing from a full revolutionary collapse is the repressive forces deciding that they, too, are no longer benefiting from, and hence no longer willing to kill for, the regime. Brutality can delay the regime’s funeral, but it’s unlikely to restore its pulse.]]></description>
<dc:subject>IranProtests repression IRGC</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:d9127e34dc69/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:IRGC"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/10/us/politics/trump-iran-strikes.html">
    <title>Trump Is Briefed on Options for Striking Iran as Protests Continue - The New York Times</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-11T02:59:21+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/10/us/politics/trump-iran-strikes.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Trump IranProtests Iran attack repression DoD</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:347808cb06d7/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:IranProtests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iran"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:attack"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:DoD"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://hlp.syria-report.com/hlp/surge-in-sales-of-druze-properties-in-rural-damascus-driven-by-tensions/">
    <title>Surge in Sales of Druze Properties in Rural Damascus Driven by Tensions – Syria Report</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-06T02:49:40+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://hlp.syria-report.com/hlp/surge-in-sales-of-druze-properties-in-rural-damascus-driven-by-tensions/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Druze community leaders and civil society activists in the area face ongoing political repression, with bans on any initiatives of solidarity with besieged Suweida and pressure to issue statements disavowing the positions of Suweida’s Druze leadership.]]></description>
<dc:subject>Druze sectarianism Damascus HTSRegime repression immigration</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:882dc2a6ab2e/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Druze"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:sectarianism"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Damascus"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:HTSRegime"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:immigration"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html">
    <title>Iran Faces Economic Challenges and Military Threats - The New York Times</title>
    <dc:date>2026-01-05T00:47:19+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[On Friday, after Mr. Trump made his threat to strike Iran, the country’s Supreme National Security Council, the body in charge of internal and external security, held a late-night emergency meeting to discuss how to contain the protests with less violence to avoid fueling public anger. They also wanted to prepare for the possibility of military strikes, according to three Iranian officials familiar with government deliberations who asked not be named because they were discussing sensitive issues.]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iran protests repression TrumpAdministration economy</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:d2935af76c34/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:TrumpAdministration"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:economy"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.sot-sy.com/article/1732">
    <title>معتقلو «تحرير الشام» في حسابات المرحلة الجديدة: ملف شائك غامض</title>
    <dc:date>2025-11-03T06:17:30+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.sot-sy.com/article/1732</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[يكشف التباين في مصير معتقلي «تحرير الشام»، بدءاً من «الجهاديين» المنشقين مثل أبو شعيب المصري، مروراً بـ أعضاء «حزب التحرير» المتأثر بالضغوط الإقليمية التركية، وصولاً إلى بعض الفلسطينيين، أن ملف السجون في إدلب لا يمثل خلافات فصائلية عادية. بل هو انعكاس دقيق وحساس لاستراتيجية «هيئة تحرير الشام» (السلطة الجديدة)، التي تسعى للتخلص من عناصرها الأكثر تشدداً، وتصفية الخصوم المحليين (كحزب التحرير) لدواعٍ يتداخل فيها استقرار السيطرة، بإعادة ترتيب أوراقها الإقليمية والدولية تحت سقف الاعتدال المُتصور.]]></description>
<dc:subject>jihadists HTSRegime repression</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:4cdb6853207f/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:HTSRegime"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2021/07/syrian-regime-hardline-loyalists-terrorize-civilians-in-homs-after-presidential-elections/">
    <title>Syrian regime hardliner loyalists terrorize civilians in Homs after presidential elections - Enab Baladi</title>
    <dc:date>2022-12-22T16:18:35+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2021/07/syrian-regime-hardline-loyalists-terrorize-civilians-in-homs-after-presidential-elections/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Eventually, the shop owner conceded to the regime’s supporter’s demand and hung al-Assad’s poster on his storefront, blocking the view of his goods to people. 

Posters of al-Assad are sold at high prices at selected shops whose owners have obtained licenses from the regime’s Political Security Branch for this purpose. 

The shop owner pointed out that the selling of al-Assad’s posters is confined to three shops in Homs city at the price of 15,000 Syrian pounds (SYP = 4.6 USD) for each, five times more than the real cost, adding that those being intimidated to buy the posters buy them at any cost. 

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Homs repression elections Propaganda Syria Mar15 AssadRegime Mukhabarat</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:8dd222467b07/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-protests-economy-sanctions-religious-police-11664891763">
    <title>Iran’s Crippled Economy Sustains Protests After Religious Police Lit Flame - WSJ</title>
    <dc:date>2022-10-05T17:44:03+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-protests-economy-sanctions-religious-police-11664891763</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>middle_class Iran poverty protests repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:a3e56be1142c/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://auis.edu.krd/iris/publications/living-among-hashd-relations-between-citizens-and-security-actors-five-iraqi-provinces">
    <title>Relations Between Citizens and Security Actors in Five Iraqi Provinces | IRIS, July 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-26T15:31:34+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://auis.edu.krd/iris/publications/living-among-hashd-relations-between-citizens-and-security-actors-five-iraqi-provinces</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Hashd Ninewa Baghdad Basra extortion recruitment repression protest</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:8d7c4371b609/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Ninewa"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Baghdad"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Basra"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:extortion"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:recruitment"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protest"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.kas.de/en/web/syrien-irak/single-title/-/content/escaping-from-duopoly-rule">
    <title>Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung - Foundation Office Syria and Iraq - Escaping From Duopoly Rule, March 2022</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-17T09:36:48+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.kas.de/en/web/syrien-irak/single-title/-/content/escaping-from-duopoly-rule</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>immigration PUK KDP KRG repression clientelism corruption inequality surveillance</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:432664f6bed1/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:immigration"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:PUK"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:KDP"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:KRG"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:clientelism"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:corruption"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:inequality"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:surveillance"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://aljumhuriya.net/en/2021/02/19/greater-jail-politics-prison-syria/">
    <title>The greater jail: The politics of prison in Syria Aljumhuriya.net</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-11T08:07:55+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://aljumhuriya.net/en/2021/02/19/greater-jail-politics-prison-syria/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[In part, it was the politics of prison, where prison is a fundamental political institution, the function of which is to de-politicize the population; indeed to politicide them. 

After the Syrian uprising, the aforementioned politicidal complex of detention, torture, rape, massacres, and disappearance has acquired far more brutality than it had in the first round—the SWI. It has turned into what Jules Etjim calls a thanatocracy; rule by the production of the violent death of the ruled. What one must conclude from the politicidal complex is that the Syrian experience over the past half-century does not belong to the general category of oppression, or dictatorship, or even the post-Stalinist form of Soviet totalitarianism. Instead, it belongs in the exterminatory category; that of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. This is important, because prior to the Syrian uprising, we tended to think of Syria as merely a semi-totalitarian regime, like the GDR. It took us several years after the uprising to re-think these issues, and we have still not developed the literature to position Syria within the context of genocidal and exterminatory states. This line of thought and sensitivity deserves more attention from us Syrians in the diaspora.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Mar15 Syria fear authoritarian_regime dictatorship prison repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:5ff6c025fbc5/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Syria"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.mei.edu/publications/games-without-frontiers-renegotiating-boundaries-power-iraqi-kurdistan">
    <title>Games without Frontiers: Renegotiating the Boundaries of Power in Iraqi Kurdistan | Middle East Institute, June 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-11T08:02:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.mei.edu/publications/games-without-frontiers-renegotiating-boundaries-power-iraqi-kurdistan</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The PUK’s greatest challenge in governing Sulaimaniyah has been instilling discipline in its ranks to prevent the rent-seeking behavior of its most powerful members from destroying the party from within. The party’s fourth congress and new leadership thus began the process of subordinating the unwieldy politburo to the Co-Presidency by initiating its own “war on corruption.” This meant transferring regulatory authority over the General Administration (GA), the PUK’s financial regulatory body, from the politburo to the Co-Presidency and the Leadership Council.7 To shore up revenues for the party, the GA began to demand higher dividends from enterprises operating in Sulaimaniyah, many of which are affiliated with politburo members. In a recent example, the GA intervened in an oil transportation workers’ strike against a general contractor in which members of the Germiyan branch held a significant stake. The GA ended the strike by taking over the general contractors’ role, thus asserting the party’s authority to manage local business. Yet not surprisingly, the concentration of financial power in the Co-Presidency and its confrontational leadership style has been controversial and has met with opposition from some once powerful members of the politburo.

With the KRG coalition beset with conflict, the parties also seek allies at the local level. Recently, this has included campaigning for support across the Erbil-Sulaimaniyah border, which has acted as a cease-fire line dividing KDP and PUK zones since the armed conflict between the parties in the 1990s. We had previously observed that PM Masrour Barzani commenced a series of highly publicized reconstruction and public works initiatives in Sulaimaniyah last summer in a bid to build the electorate’s confidence in his government even as he clashed with the PUK leadership. Now, both parties increasingly reach out across the cease-fire line to build relationships with their rivals’ disaffected constituents, adding volatility to an already tense political situation. The KDP has for years made overtures to members of the Gorran Movement, once an opposition party that threatened the PUK’s hegemony in Sulaimaniyah. However, ideological and succession struggles within the movement and its ineffectiveness as a member of the governing coalition have diminished its popular appeal, led to resignations, and have made it vulnerable to both KDP and PUK influence. Just as the PUK and Gorran announced their formation of a coalition for the upcoming Iraqi general elections in early May, Abdullah Kwekha Mubarak, a former Gorran Movement boss and militia leader known in Chamchamal for bargaining with local administrators by sabotaging critical infrastructure and for his blood feud with Lahur Talabani, defected to the KDP following months of negotiations. Deputy Speaker of Parliament Hemin Hawrami even provocatively touted his party’s victory by receiving Mubarak in the hall of parliament.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>KDP PUK clientelism KRG corruption Gorran budget repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:34361028b684/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:PUK"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box">
    <title>Iraq’s Tishreen Uprising: From Barricades to Ballot Box | Crisis Group, 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-09T17:15:52+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/223-iraqs-tishreen-uprising-barricades-ballot-box</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Activist rhetoric in the southern provinces targeted not only national party leaders but also local officials, parliamentarians and armed groups. The personal attacks prompted parties and their armed wings to go after activists. In Basra, Diwaniya, Karbala, Misan, Nassiriya and Wasit provinces, armed men regularly showed up at prominent protesters’ homes to deliver threatening notes. Other activists got menacing text messages. Unlike in Baghdad, where threats could rarely be traced to the source, southern activists often knew who was trying to intimidate them. Parents received warnings to keep their children away from protests, in some cases impelling entire families, not just individual activists, to move their place of residence, including outside the province.


The escalation between protesters and security forces in the south also drew in tribes. This element was especially notable in Nassiriya, which witnessed some of the most violent clashes. On 28 November 2019, Prime Minister Abdul-Mahdi deployed army units to the city. That day, protesters expanded their rallies outside the main site, Habubi Square, cutting off traffic on key routes with burning tires. Dozens of protesters were killed in clashes with the army around Zaytoun bridge, and over 100 were wounded, including members of the security forces. Tribesmen then came to block the arrival of military reinforcements.

The intimacy of interpersonal relationships in the south enabled more detailed profiling of protesters, and thus more calibrated repression, but it also set limits. In some cases, the extraction of blood money pursuant to unwritten tribal codes held the authorities back from using lethal violence. Activists from prominent families or tribes explained that they enjoyed a higher degree of protection than others. Armed groups could detain, torture and threaten activists but would usually not kill them if they deemed the political, social or legal costs too high.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iraq protests activism repression PMF militia Assassination tribes</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://newpol.org/the-other-regional-counter-revolution-irans-role-in-the-shifting-political-landscape-of-the-middle-east/">
    <title>The Other Regional Counter-Revolution: Iran | Danny Postel, 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-09T16:59:44+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://newpol.org/the-other-regional-counter-revolution-irans-role-in-the-shifting-political-landscape-of-the-middle-east/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Iran IranianProxy IRGC repression Mar15 Iraq</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:1282caf159b4/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://daraj.com/en/75500/">
    <title>IRAQ: Abduction, Disappearance and Murder | Daraj, June 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-07T10:57:44+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://daraj.com/en/75500/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Protests PMF Repression kidnapping Activism Basra Iraq</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:b17ec3addf50/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://ovdinfo.org/articles/2022/03/28/enemies-state-how-institution-denunciations-returns-russia">
    <title>Enemies of the state. How the institution of «denunciations» returns to Russia | ОВД-Инфо</title>
    <dc:date>2022-07-23T20:53:47+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://ovdinfo.org/articles/2022/03/28/enemies-state-how-institution-denunciations-returns-russia</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Repression UkraineWar Russia denunciations</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/16/world/middleeast/egypt-prisoners.html">
    <title>Egypt’s Revolving Jailhouse Door: One Pretrial Detention After Another</title>
    <dc:date>2022-07-23T10:07:15+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/16/world/middleeast/egypt-prisoners.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>arrest Repression PrisonerRights prisoner Egypt</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://raseef22.net/article/1085990-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85">
    <title>المسكوت عنه في صحافة ''روجآفا''... هكذا يُحكِم ''الكيان الموازي'' قبضته على الإعلام - رصيف 22</title>
    <dc:date>2022-01-13T11:06:55+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://raseef22.net/article/1085990-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>AANES MAr15 PYD Censorship Repression Press_Freedom</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-12-19/climate-change-exposes-iran-s-political-failures?s=09&amp;srnd=">
    <title>Climate Change Exposes Iran’s Political Failures - Bloomberg</title>
    <dc:date>2021-12-25T07:05:37+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-12-19/climate-change-exposes-iran-s-political-failures?s=09&amp;srnd=</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Climate change is exposing the weaknesses of an economy built on oil extraction and unsustainable agricultural practices. As the planet gets hotter through mid-century, Iran is likely to experience more extended periods of extreme high temperatures as well as more frequent dry periods and floods, according to a 2019 study.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iran water drought agriculture protests repression electricity globalWarming</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://syrianjihadism.com/2021/06/11/idlibs-guantanamo-foreign-fighters-in-hts-prisons/">
    <title>“Idlib’s Guantanamo”: Foreign Fighters in HTS Prisons – Syrian Jihadism</title>
    <dc:date>2021-06-12T18:56:17+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://syrianjihadism.com/2021/06/11/idlibs-guantanamo-foreign-fighters-in-hts-prisons/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Intelligence_community ForeignFighters arrest Repression JabhatAl-Nusra rumors Mar15</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://syria.chathamhouse.org/research/the-dynamics-of-underground-civil-society-in-syrias-regime-held-areas?fbclid=IwAR2kznxST_C8_igMyHxA9l6ikfcdtAWe6UjXbt9sRA7m5mzAAQNjrAFrjvg">
    <title>The Dynamics of Underground Civil Society in Syria’s Regime-held Areas: Syria From Within | Chatham House, May 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2021-06-12T18:34:06+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://syria.chathamhouse.org/research/the-dynamics-of-underground-civil-society-in-syrias-regime-held-areas?fbclid=IwAR2kznxST_C8_igMyHxA9l6ikfcdtAWe6UjXbt9sRA7m5mzAAQNjrAFrjvg</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Mar15 civil_society repression activism female</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/189973/0/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1">
    <title>وثيقة مسربة تكشف إجبار نظام أسد طلبة الجامعات على انتخاب بشار</title>
    <dc:date>2021-06-01T07:09:06+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/189973/0/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>education Mar15 2021SyElex repression leak</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/22/kurdistan-region-iraq-flawed-trial-journalists-activists">
    <title>Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Flawed Trial of Journalists, Activists</title>
    <dc:date>2021-04-22T17:28:24+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/22/kurdistan-region-iraq-flawed-trial-journalists-activists</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>KRG Press_freedom repression Judiciary</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/on-turkish-clubhouse-a-brief-experiment-in-a-more-open-web/">
    <title>On Turkish Clubhouse, a brief experiment in a more open web</title>
    <dc:date>2021-04-13T23:39:23+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/on-turkish-clubhouse-a-brief-experiment-in-a-more-open-web/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Repression arrests censorship Social_media Turkey</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://daraj.com/69499/">
    <title>&quot;التعامل مع مواقع إلكترونية مشبوهة&quot; : تهمة جديدة لملاحقة الصحفيين في سوريا | Daraj</title>
    <dc:date>2021-04-04T20:57:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://daraj.com/69499/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Social_media Repression Mar15 Corruption arrest Alawi Press_Freedom</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719">
    <title>Sisi’s Relentless Repression - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Jan 25, 2021</title>
    <dc:date>2021-03-17T08:56:43+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Ill-suited to cope with any social unrest, the Sisi-regime utilizes mass repression to prevent change.
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Sisi authoritarian_regime repression Egypt</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.mei.edu/publications/beyond-elite-taking-protest-and-public-opinion-seriously-kurdistan-region">
    <title>Beyond the elite: Taking protest and public opinion seriously in the Kurdistan Region | Middle East Institute</title>
    <dc:date>2021-03-17T07:24:27+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.mei.edu/publications/beyond-elite-taking-protest-and-public-opinion-seriously-kurdistan-region</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>KRG public_opinion repression media bias protests corruption unemployment economy</dc:subject>
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<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:ddd5b5adb354/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://stj-sy.org/en/1222/">
    <title>Syria: Scars Etched on Memory - Syrians for Truth and Justice</title>
    <dc:date>2021-03-15T23:27:46+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://stj-sy.org/en/1222/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Hassakeh Torture Repression KurdishRIghts syria history</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-politics-nassiriya-int/iraqi-activists-eye-political-mainstream-after-protest-movement-crushed-idUSKBN2AA277">
    <title>Iraqi activists eye political mainstream after protest movement crushed | Reuters</title>
    <dc:date>2021-02-12T09:07:17+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-politics-nassiriya-int/iraqi-activists-eye-political-mainstream-after-protest-movement-crushed-idUSKBN2AA277</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Ghorabi wants his Beit Watani (National Home) party to oppose a sectarian power-sharing system put in place after the U.S. invasion that toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003.

It will focus on inclusive nationalism and human rights, he said, in a country that has been torn apart by internecine violence and political repression.]]></description>
<dc:subject>politics protests civil_society iraq repression</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://damascusv.com/archives/34708">
    <title>أمام المحافظ وكاميرا التلفزيون.. اعتقال شاب أثناء تقديم شكوى &quot;شفهية&quot; لمحافظ ريف دمشق</title>
    <dc:date>2021-02-11T19:16:41+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://damascusv.com/archives/34708</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Mar15 Damascus arrest media TV Mukhabarat repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:43ac0a8b611c/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Damascus"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/69795">
    <title>How global Jihad relocalises and where it leads : the case of HTS, the former AQ franchise in Syria</title>
    <dc:date>2021-02-03T16:55:23+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/69795</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The territories ruled by the Syrian opposition are being reorganised. The leaderless revolution has given way to a seizure of power by vanguardist and ideological organisations, be it the PYD in the northeast or HTS, the former local branch of AQ, in Idlib. However, these organisations cannot resist the regime’s military threat to reconquer the territories or the Turkish intervention by themselves. They need to manage the internationalisation of the conflict to protect themselves and find space in the broader strategic game around Syria. This is the strategy of HTS. After emerging from the matrix of AQ's global jihad, since 2017 HTS has sought to ‘institutionalise’ the revolution by imposing its military hegemony and full control of the institutions of local governance. The group has thus marginalised the revolutionary milieu, other Islamists and the threat posed by AQ supporters and IS cells in Idlib. HTS’s domination was followed by a policy of gradual opening and mainstreamisation. The group has had to open up to local communities and make concessions, especially in the religious sphere. HTS is seeking international acceptance with the development of a strategic partnership with Turkey and desires to open dialogue with Western countries. Overall, HTS has transformed from formerly being a salafi jihadi organisation into having a new mainstream approach to political Islam.
]]></description>
<dc:subject>JabhatAl-Nusra AQ Mar15 Idlib localGovt repression authoritarian_regime civil_society</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:9670aeeeca61/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:civil_society"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8fGcGANDic">
    <title>حملة واسعة لاعتقال موالي النظام بتهمة وهن نفسية الأمة | لم الشمل - YouTube</title>
    <dc:date>2021-02-02T14:46:11+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8fGcGANDic</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Mar15 repression arrest Alawi social_media</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:88eca55b2a1e/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:social_media"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.watira.com/news/80154-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7.html">
    <title>في العشرين من عمرها و&quot;توهن عزيمة الأمة&quot; .. اعتقالات بالجملة بقضايا نشر في سوريا - وتيرة</title>
    <dc:date>2021-02-02T09:14:10+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.watira.com/news/80154-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[آخر ضحايا "الجريمة المعلوماتية": فتاة لم تتجاوز العشرين من عمرها، كل ما فعلته أنها كتبت تعليقا، وليس منشورا، على إحدى الصفحات على الفيسبوك، لتجد نفسها في سجن بجريمة من عيار "وهن عزيمة الأمة".

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Mar15 arrest repression social_media RegimeAreas Alawi</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:5b0468dd6720/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Alawi"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719?amp%253Butm_medium=rss">
    <title>Sisi’s Relentless Repression - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-31T18:57:11+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83719?amp%253Butm_medium=rss</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Neutralizing these leaders and centralizing power in the hands of the security establishment has eliminated any strong civilian political actors, religious or otherwise. Though the parliament is populated by civilian allies of the regime, especially through the “Mostaqbal Watan” party/list, few have an active role in governing. This deprives the security establishment of a civilian tool to both broaden its support and to co-opt possible hostile allies, by offering the possibility of sharing power with civilians. In addition, the lack of a civilian ruling party means that possible popular discontent will be directed squarely toward Sisi and the security apparatus, rather than against a civilian ruling party, leaving the regime limited room for manoeuvre. For example, following the revelations of exiled contractor Mohamed Ali in 2019, which exposed wide scale corruption in military-led construction projects, mass protests broke out on September 23, 2019—calling for the removal of Sisi and the downfall of the regime. These protests, which were met with sweeping repression, demonstrated the extent to which regime’s base of support has effectively shrunk to the security services and the military.      

]]></description>
<dc:subject>repression politics Mukhabarat Egypt Sisi</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:65b14d9a8a2d/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:politics"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mukhabarat"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Sisi"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/67858">
    <title>Between control and repression : the plight of the Syrian labour force - Dec 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-10T18:55:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/67858</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>labor labor_laws labor_union repression Mar15 history Syria Baath Russia</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:eb22be93e9ab/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:labor"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:labor_laws"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:labor_union"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mar15"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Russia"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://syriaaccountability.org/library/walls-have-ears/">
    <title>Walls Have Ears: An Analysis of Classified Syrian Security Sector Documents - Syria Justice &amp; Accountability Centre, 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-10T16:54:04+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://syriaaccountability.org/library/walls-have-ears/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Mukhabarat SAA intelligence surveillance repression leak</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:d110bc24cd79/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mukhabarat"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:SAA"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:intelligence"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:surveillance"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:leak"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://ctc.usma.edu/back-into-the-shadows-the-future-of-kataib-hezbollah-and-irans-other-proxies-in-iraq/">
    <title>Back into the Shadows? The Future of Kata’ib Hezbollah and Iran’s Other Proxies in Iraq – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Oct 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-05T14:02:03+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://ctc.usma.edu/back-into-the-shadows-the-future-of-kataib-hezbollah-and-irans-other-proxies-in-iraq/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Another KH member who was surfaced through his work with the PMF and its role in suppressing protestors is Adhab Kaytan al-Bahaliay (also known as Sattar Jabbar al-Ta’aban or Abu Iman al-Bahali),z who is the director of intelligence at the PMF.129 Compared to other KH senior leaders he is slightly younger, a Shi`a Kurdish (Fayli) transplant from Badr, recruited in Iraqi Kurdistan in the 1990s.130 He served in the Badr special operations and intelligence unit from the late 1990s, then in a Ministry of Interior intelligence function, and then PMF brigade 27 after 2014 until being named head of PMF intelligence in 2016.131 Abu Iman developed the KH technical intelligence branch, and holds a range of sensitive files.132 In domestic politics, he gathers compromising material on politicians, ministry directors, and security personnel.133 When protests erupted in October 2019, he collated hit lists of civil society activists and journalists in partnership with IRGC-QF cyber-intelligence officials and a 19-person, Baghdad-based cell of Lebanese Hezbollah media operatives.134 His responsibilities include target development against U.S., coalition, and Iraqi Kurdish persons and sites.135

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iraq repression protests IranianProxy Hizbollah ethnicCleansing human_rights Iran Quds_Force Mar15</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:a9f06daaa97e/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:IranianProxy"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Hizbollah"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iran"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Quds_Force"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/5/31/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9">
    <title>المدن - مخيم اليرموك: المطالبة بالعودة.. ممنوعة, April 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-01T13:23:21+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/5/31/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[مصدر مطلع، قال لـ"المدن"، إن "لجان المصالحة" في مخيم اليرموك والحجر الأسود، نقلوا لمنظمي التجمع، مساء الاربعاء، رسالة أمنية من "فرع فلسطين" مفادها "تحميلهم مسؤولية افعالهم"، وأن "السلطة ليست مسؤولة عن حماية او تأمين أي تجمع غير قانوني بغض النظر عن الصفة التي يحملها، سواء كان مظاهرة او مسيرة او تجمع". وأضاف مصدر "المدن"، أن المنظمين بادروا مباشرة لإلغاء التجمع، وإعطاء "الجهات المسؤولة" مهلة جديدة حتى نهاية حزيران/يونيو، لإيجاد حل لعودتهم.
دعت فعاليات مدنية في مخيم اليرموك والحجر الأسود جنوبي دمشق، إلى "التجمع السلمي" أمام جامع البشير بالقرب من مدخل مخيم اليرموك، عقب صلاة الجمعة، للمطالبة بتسريع عملية عودة الأهالي إلى بيوتهم، بحسب مراسل "المدن" احمد الشامي.
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Mar15 Palestinians Damascus IDPs Mukhabarat protests repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:2c7c53cb7e40/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2011-09-07-Syrie-un-officier-superieur-parle">
    <title>Syria: a senior officer speaks, by Zénobie (Le Monde diplomatique, September 7, 2011)</title>
    <dc:date>2021-01-01T07:37:20+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2011-09-07-Syrie-un-officier-superieur-parle</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The Syrian army embodies, if you will, the executive power (al-sultat al-tanfiziyya) of security and not of the General Staff.  "]]></description>
<dc:subject>Mar15 SAA Mukhabarat Alawi repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:2011d5dcec1b/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mar15"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:SAA"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mukhabarat"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/28/syria-arrests-torture-armed-group">
    <title>Syria: Arrests, Torture by Armed Group | Human Rights Watch, Jan 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-30T12:15:40+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/28/syria-arrests-torture-armed-group</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Torture Repression arrest human_rights JabhatAl-Nusra Mar15</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:c21425edeab8/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Torture"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:arrest"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:human_rights"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:JabhatAl-Nusra"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mar15"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/4/30/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8">
    <title>المدن - ديرالزور: أين أخوّة الشعوب؟ - April 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-29T18:36:40+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/4/30/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[شيطنة المحتجين
]]></description>
<dc:subject>DeirEzZor protests repression Mar15</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:47a791af2a81/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:DeirEzZor"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mar15"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/02/after-latest-turn-muqtada-al-sadr-losing-influence-iraq">
    <title>After Latest Turn, Is Muqtada al-Sadr Losing Influence in Iraq? | Chatham House, Feb 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-29T17:58:15+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/02/after-latest-turn-muqtada-al-sadr-losing-influence-iraq</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[There are signs that Sadr’s recent shift in position has exacerbated this fragmentation. His attempt to reposition the movement’s base within the ‘resistance axis’ that supports the Shia militias in Iraq has only been partially successful. On 24 January, responding to the US assassinations, Sadr called for a million-man march focused on expelling US forces from Iraq. However, turnout was poor, especially given the huge logistical support for the march, and it lasted only a few hours.

Equally revealing, when Sadr called on his supporters to vacate the squares, many refused. One Sadrist protester in Baghdad’s Tahrir Square told the authors: ‘We’ve been camping with our brothers and sisters for four months. Why should we leave them to die?’

Meanwhile, fissures have also opened up within the Sadrists’ clerical elite. One senior Sadrist cleric, for example, is openly defying Sadr’s authority and siding with the revolutionaries in Nasiriyah.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iraq Sadr protests repression Iran</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:01cb2fbb6a9f/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Sadr"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iran"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/01/21/repeated-military-victory-over-palestinians-pushed-israel-to-the-far-right">
    <title>'Repeated military victory over Palestinians pushed Israel to the far right' - Duvar, Jan 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-27T09:04:59+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/01/21/repeated-military-victory-over-palestinians-pushed-israel-to-the-far-right</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Columnist Soli Özel met Ian Lustick from UPenn to discuss his new book "Paradigm Lost." Lustick says that Israel thought repeated military victory over Palestinians would divide them, with one fraction willing to compromise, but that this policy eventually created a false illusion in Israelis' minds of a weak enemy. Lustick says that this made Israelis reluctant to compromise with Palestinians, birthing the "one-state reality."
]]></description>
<dc:subject>two-state_solution Israel Palestine Palestinians repression violence</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:177275245c9d/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:two-state_solution"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Israel"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Palestine"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Palestinians"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:violence"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://adimagazine.com/articles/the-price-of-a-voice/">
    <title>The Price of a Voice – Adi Magazine, Winter 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-26T19:41:56+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://adimagazine.com/articles/the-price-of-a-voice/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Eventually, I figured out the unwritten rules. When we mentioned in our organizational story the fact that one of our co-founders, Mustafa, was killed by an Assad airstrike, that was not donor-friendly. State violence shouldn’t be referenced; statements should use the passive, nonpolitical voice. “The schools got bombed, the activists got killed,” etc. Naming the perpetrators is considered political if the perpetrator is the state, of course. However, if the perpetrator is an Islamist extremist, naming is encouraged. We must act “neutral” toward the state and overly apologetic regarding our linkages to extremism. The “revolution” should be termed the “conflict,” and the “regime” should be the “government.”

I was in my early 20s when I accidentally stumbled upon a political forum online. Afterward, I couldn’t sleep. I thought for sure the security forces knew I had read the discussions on that forum. They see everything and know everything and now they were coming to take me, I thought. I didn’t know how I knew that I should be scared, but that fear was the most honest feeling I had toward the Syrian state. The fear that night, the idea of “them” taking me into the dark and the unknown just for reading political discussions online, made me realize that I wasn’t apolitical like I claimed. I was just scared. I was born in the cage and it was all I had known. People got arrested for cleaning the streets without security permission, a permission impossible to get. We didn’t dare tell anyone about our ideas because we didn’t know who to trust. Fear was the root of my politics. 

]]></description>
<dc:subject>fear Mar15 NGO repression Assad Baath Propaganda</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:48d24885a79a/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:fear"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mar15"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:NGO"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Assad"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Baath"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Propaganda"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/08/18/violence-and-protest-in-south-iraq/">
    <title>Violence and Protest in South Iraq | Middle East Centre, Aug 18, 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-24T18:20:49+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/08/18/violence-and-protest-in-south-iraq/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[More importantly, protesters in Basra radically altered their tactics in 2019 and largely refrained from targeting government buildings, political parties, or PMF/armed groups (seen in the low levels of property destruction in the province, Fig. 3). By contrast, protesters in Dhi Qar systematically hit these targets. Nevertheless, the overall picture of anti-protest violence in the two provinces remained broadly similar. This is a strong indication that anti-protest violence has been neither reactive nor ad hoc, but proactive and systematic.

In fact, little protest violence in Maysan was recorded because violence around protests in the province was so quickly escalated into intra-militia engagements (not classified as protest violence) between the Sadrists and rival PMF group Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH). The intensity of Sadrist-AAH conflict in Maysan eventually spilled over into Basra and Dhi Qar, resulting in a string of assassinations targeting Saraya al-Salam figures in these provinces.[3]
At the same time, Basra’s security apparatus has also become more integrated with the PMF and particularly the latter’s two key centres of power – Badr and, to a lesser extent, Kata’ib Hezbollah and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (prior to the latter’s assassination). This continuity between the ISF (primarily the police forces) and PMF groups explains in part both the high intensity and systematic character of anti-protest violence in Basra. (Although not explored here, a similar characteristic of the political-security nexus in Dhi Qar helps explain why violent dynamics look so similar to Basra’s.) It is important to consider the distinct effects of these two factors – fragmentation and consolidation – to understand Basra’s dynamics of violence.


]]></description>
<dc:subject>Iraq protests repression riots Hashd Sadr</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:d95b3edeaea0/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:riots"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Hashd"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Sadr"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/reform-not-violence-will-ease-iraqi-kurdish-protests">
    <title>Reform, Not Violence, Will Ease Iraqi Kurdish Protests - WİNEP</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-24T10:29:57+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/reform-not-violence-will-ease-iraqi-kurdish-protests</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[a fourth of the population employed by KRG. KRG isn't handing over the oil to.Baghdad as per agreements and is deeply in debt]]></description>
<dc:subject>Repression protests KRG PublicSector budget Iraq Oil</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:1f0e9b34f511/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:KRG"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:PublicSector"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:budget"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Oil"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://pomeps.org/patterns-of-mobilization-and-repression-in-iraqs-tishreen-uprising">
    <title>Mobilization and Repression in Iraq's October Uprising</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-21T20:02:29+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://pomeps.org/patterns-of-mobilization-and-repression-in-iraqs-tishreen-uprising</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[In this brief memo, we explore the first ten weeks of this revolutionary uprising – from its outbreak on October 1, 2019 to the end of the first week of December. Using an original event catalogue on protests and repression during the uprising, we explore the trajectories of popular mobilization as well as the nature of state-protester interactions. Our data reveal a number of noteworthy patterns. We find that protesters largely resorted to non-violent tactics, though in the early weeks of the uprising there were a considerable number of events in which unarmed protesters mobbed and burned buildings associated with various maligned parties and militias. These early events triggered a massive repressive response from Iraq’s political establishment. We find that the majority of this repression was perpetrated by official state security forces, but that elites also called on non-state repressive agents, like thugs and militias, when undertaking especially violent crackdowns. Finally, we s]]></description>
<dc:subject>protests Repression Iraq statistics</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:3ff2879657f5/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:statistics"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/06/kurdistan-region-iraq-media-offices-shut-down">
    <title>Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Media Offices Shut Down | Human Rights Watch, Oct 6, 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-21T19:43:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/06/kurdistan-region-iraq-media-offices-shut-down</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Repression KRG Press_Freedom</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:9be80ce00539/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:KRG"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Press_Freedom"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-hafez-al-assad-hijacked-the-baath-party-and-the-state-50-years-ago-41587">
    <title>How Hafez al Assad hijacked the Baath Party – and the state – 50 years ago</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-21T09:11:48+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-hafez-al-assad-hijacked-the-baath-party-and-the-state-50-years-ago-41587</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>AssadClan history Syria Repression Baath</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:76b21831f6b1/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:AssadClan"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:history"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Syria"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Baath"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/reporters-notebook-navigating-threats-iraqi-kurdistan?fbclid=IwAR1upHjbc_W_MmIyEwDQ32mUE4KBJFAWZZdCCqO10LsaM7nZjimtjjkX4r0">
    <title>Reporter's Notebook: Navigating Threats in Iraqi Kurdistan | Voice of America - English</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-16T18:19:04+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/reporters-notebook-navigating-threats-iraqi-kurdistan?fbclid=IwAR1upHjbc_W_MmIyEwDQ32mUE4KBJFAWZZdCCqO10LsaM7nZjimtjjkX4r0</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[With the most recent demonstrations, security forces attacked and detained journalists. Some were forced to erase memory cards that contained footage of the protests. The KRG’s Ministry of Culture and Youth shut down NRT’s TV channel for “acting irresponsibly” and sent warnings to other outlets threatening the same if they did not stop broadcasting material that incites “violence or sabotage or the disturbing of social cohesion.” By that, they meant broadcasting footage of the protesters attacking offices of the ruling political parties and government.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Press_freedom KRG repression protests PUK</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:7c7d9806684f/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Press_freedom"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:KRG"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:protests"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:PUK"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://merip.org/2013/01/why-the-egyptian-army-didnt-shoot/">
    <title>Why the Egyptian Army Didn't Shoot - MERIP, Winter 2012</title>
    <dc:date>2020-12-12T10:19:39+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://merip.org/2013/01/why-the-egyptian-army-didnt-shoot/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Officers issue orders, but subordinates execute them. Had the SCAF head, Field Marshal Husayn Tantawi, commanded the army to quash the uprising, he would have been asking mid-ranking and junior officers, as well as the rank and file, to open fire on civilians in Tahrir Square. Would those officers and soldiers have obeyed the orders?

The evidence suggests not. Recall that Mubarak’s patronage system was aimed at the upper echelons. The various financial and professional rewards lavished upon major generals did not trickle down to the middle ranks, let alone to non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers. The monthly wages of mid-ranking and junior officers ranged from $333 to $414, roughly the equivalent of a Cairo cab driver’s income. [14] To be sure, the armed forces offer mid-ranking and junior officers some advantages over most Egyptians in housing and health care. These officers, however, were unhappy with their economic lot. According to a retired major general: “The mid-ranking and junior officers were struggling financially. There was a widespread feeling among the people that the regime was stealing Egypt’s wealth and that there was a group of thieves around Gamal Mubarak pillaging Egypt. The officers were aware of the prevalent mood and were affected by it. That was particularly true of junior officers, many of whom were not able to get married for lack of financial means and because they could not afford an apartment. The junior officers were very critical of Mubarak.” [15]]]></description>
<dc:subject>Jan25 Egypt junta Military repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:f732bf960e78/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Jan25"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Egypt"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:junta"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Military"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/egypt-after-the-coronavirus-back-to-square-one/">
    <title>Egypt after the Coronavirus: Back to Square One – Arab Reform Initiative</title>
    <dc:date>2020-09-27T06:51:57+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/egypt-after-the-coronavirus-back-to-square-one/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[In spite of the deep devaluation, which makes imports more expensive and exports more profitable, the private sector supply response did not materialize. Imports shrunk, but exports did not rise - Egypt's non-oil exports, which have been weakening since 2011, now stand at only 6% of GDP. This is an old story in Egypt, as previous reform attempts since 1991 were also able to stabilize the economy but failed to generate much dynamism in the private sector.

Other reasons have to be sought. Three possibilities are cited in the literature. First, private firms may be reluctant to invest in expanding capacity as long as political risk is perceived to remain high. This must have been especially the case for the large firms closely connected to the Mubarak regime, due to their loss of political protection. Second, with poor capacity to be internationally competitive, firms have had to shrink in the face of the higher cost of imported inputs (due to devaluation) and the lower internal demand (generated by the impoverishment of the population). Third, the private sector is facing fierce competition by the military economy, which has been promoted by the new regime since 2013.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Economic_growth economy Egypt COVID Military corruption inequality repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:49192bae4bba/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Economic_growth"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:economy"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Egypt"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:COVID"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Military"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:corruption"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:inequality"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/world/africa/sudan-power-sharing-deal.html">
    <title>In Sudan, a Power-Sharing Deal Propelled by a Secret Meeting and Public Rage - The New York Times, July 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2020-09-07T20:01:34+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/world/africa/sudan-power-sharing-deal.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The sudden interest of the Saudis and Emiratis in bringing the two sides together was prompted by General Hamdan’s brutal tactics, which apparently went too far even for two countries that have faced a barrage of criticism for the conduct of their own forces in Yemen.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>UAE Saudi-Arabia Sudan Military repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:da1c0ada572c/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:UAE"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Saudi-Arabia"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Sudan"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Military"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://merip.org/2019/12/trauma-as-a-counterrevolutionary-strategy/">
    <title>Trauma as a Counterrevolutionary Strategy - MERIP</title>
    <dc:date>2020-09-07T18:51:24+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://merip.org/2019/12/trauma-as-a-counterrevolutionary-strategy/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[In most parts of the world (and certainly Egypt), however, trauma is not necessarily only an event (such as killing, beatings or torture) that happens to an individual but may also be structural, continuous forms of political repression and socio-economic marginalization. In fact, it is often the combination of both. Furthermore, the dominant idea of trauma as PTSD ends up resulting in a possible double injury: The person who suffered a gross injustice to begin with is now also told that there is something wrong with his or her head. In doing so, the individualization of trauma has a depoliticizing effect: It encourages the victim to focus on bettering him or herself rather than fight for social justice. The problem is deemed to be within the self and not social and political institutions. The sad thing is that this individualization may end up directly contributing to the original aim and purpose of human-induced trauma: namely, the silencing and atomization of the other.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>PTSD Egypt repression</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:0466907653cb/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:PTSD"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Egypt"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:repression"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/08/the-village-of-arab-said-interview">
    <title>The Village of Arab Sa'id: Interview :: Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi</title>
    <dc:date>2020-08-27T02:59:56+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/08/the-village-of-arab-said-interview</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>JabhatAl-Nusra Idlib protests AQ repression arrest localGovt</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:fad651d3efcd/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:localGovt"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://coar-global.org/2020/06/01/m4-opens-as-russia-flexes-muscles-in-nes/">
    <title>M4 opens as Russia flexes muscles in NES - COAR</title>
    <dc:date>2020-06-27T11:59:49+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://coar-global.org/2020/06/01/m4-opens-as-russia-flexes-muscles-in-nes/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The social media gag order represents a further effort to immure the Syrian state against popular criticism. Of note, the order follows several months in which public criticism of rising prices, growing hunger, and deteriorating economic conditions have led Syrians to take aim at the organs of state in night-unprecedented fashion. This order is particularly notable because lawyers have served as important vectors of local, grassroots empowerment. For instance, in January, a lawyer named Mohammad Al-Issa was arrested for pointing out the “catastrophic” conditions endured by prisoners in ‘Arda Central Prison and was charged with “defaming a symbol of authority.” The lawyer’s comment was part of a broader wave of criticism by prisoners’ families on social media against arbitrary arrests and poor conditions in state prisons. All told, the new measure should be seen as part and parcel of the state’s continued attempts to limit the broad spectrum of criticism surfacing on social media and in the Syrian street. Under the new restrictions, one of the avenues of vocal criticism of the Syrian state may narrow.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>freedomofspeech Mar15 Syria repression Judiciary</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/world/middleeast/coronavirus-egypt-america-africa-asia.html">
    <title>Coronavirus Rips Into Regions Previously Spared</title>
    <dc:date>2020-06-10T08:51:17+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/world/middleeast/coronavirus-egypt-america-africa-asia.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>COVID Mar15 Egypt repression Mukhabarat</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:0df17b47dbc2/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Mukhabarat"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/the-twilight-of-the-iranian-revolution">
    <title>The Twilight of the Iranian Revolution</title>
    <dc:date>2020-05-28T13:56:11+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/the-twilight-of-the-iranian-revolution</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Iran IranElection.Protests Iran.NuclearProgram Khamenai repression ideology women_rights secularism activism IRGC</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://medium.com/@SACD/after-a-year-of-deaths-expropriation-and-arrests-in-yalda-2020-begins-with-mass-arrests-of-8a2866d8047">
    <title>After a year of deaths, expropriation, and arrests in Yalda, 2020 begins with mass arrests of children - Jan 2020</title>
    <dc:date>2020-05-10T07:33:46+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://medium.com/@SACD/after-a-year-of-deaths-expropriation-and-arrests-in-yalda-2020-begins-with-mass-arrests-of-8a2866d8047</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>PostRecon arrest UNRWA Palestinians Mar15 Damascus repression children</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/hamas-arrests-gaza-peace-activists-for-zoom-chat-with-israelis">
    <title>Hamas arrests Gaza peace activists for Zoom chat with Israelis | World news | The Guardian</title>
    <dc:date>2020-04-10T08:05:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/hamas-arrests-gaza-peace-activists-for-zoom-chat-with-israelis</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Hamas arrests Gaza peace activists for Zoom chat with Israelis
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Gaza activism arrest repression Hamas Israel Normalization</dc:subject>
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<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:48d9f4cbe920/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/magazine/united-arab-emirates-mohammed-bin-zayed.html">
    <title>Mohammed bin Zayed’s Dark Vision of the Middle East’s Future - The New York Times</title>
    <dc:date>2020-01-17T08:00:45+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/magazine/united-arab-emirates-mohammed-bin-zayed.html</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>UAE authoritarian_regime surveillance repression Islamists</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:ea15f33bd4a8/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:authoritarian_regime"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:surveillance"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Islamists"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR">
    <title>Special Report: Iran’s leader ordered crackdown on unrest - 'Do whatever it takes to end it' - Reuters, Dec 23, 2019</title>
    <dc:date>2020-01-17T06:37:45+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Iran repression protests decision_making</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:164551aee554/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:decision_making"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/16/iraq-state-appears-complicit-massacre-protesters">
    <title>Iraq: State Appears Complicit in Massacre of Protesters | Human Rights Watch</title>
    <dc:date>2019-12-16T18:20:24+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/16/iraq-state-appears-complicit-massacre-protesters</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>repression murder Iraq protests</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:04f358864b53/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:murder"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:Iraq"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-protests-iran-snipers-exclusive-idUSKBN1WW0B1">
    <title>Exclusive: Iran-backed militias deployed snipers in Iraq protests - sources</title>
    <dc:date>2019-12-14T02:59:45+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-protests-iran-snipers-exclusive-idUSKBN1WW0B1</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Iran Iraq murder repression protests</dc:subject>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/t:murder"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/20/feature/politics/presidents-eldest-son-mahmoud-al-sisi-sidelined-from-powerful-intelligence-position-to-diplomatic-mission-in-russia/">
    <title>President’s eldest son, Mahmoud al-Sisi, sidelined from powerful intelligence position to diplomatic mission in Russia</title>
    <dc:date>2019-12-14T02:37:37+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://madamasr.com/en/2019/11/20/feature/politics/presidents-eldest-son-mahmoud-al-sisi-sidelined-from-powerful-intelligence-position-to-diplomatic-mission-in-russia/</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Egypt Sisi corruption repression internal_struggle</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nader-hashemi-on-the-protests-in-iran-violence-reflects-the-iranian-regimes">
    <title>Violence &quot;reflects the Iranian regime's desperation&quot;</title>
    <dc:date>2019-12-14T02:30:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nader-hashemi-on-the-protests-in-iran-violence-reflects-the-iranian-regimes</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><dc:subject>Iran repression protests</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:elizrael/b:ef82387f712b/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="https://justpaste.it/5ycu8">
    <title>Iraq’s New Republic of Fear - Foreign Affairs</title>
    <dc:date>2019-11-21T13:52:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://justpaste.it/5ycu8</link>
    <dc:creator>elizrael</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The protests have largely silenced Sadr, a habitual rabble-rouser and agitator, and driven him closer to his political rivals. Over the past few years, Sadr has often criticized Iran’s outsized influence in Iraq, which leaked Iranian intelligence documents show is even greater that previously thought. At the end of this summer, he had begun to speak out against Mahdi’s government. But when protests flared in October, Sadr only made one appearance at a rally in Najaf. He told his followers that they were free to protest, but not to invoke his name. After his supporters chanted, “Iran, Out, Out! Iraq, Free, Free!” as they have done for years, Sadr urged them not to denounce “external actors,” meaning not to speak against Iran. As the grassroots movement consumed much of Shiite Iraq, a politically weakened Sadr stayed in Iran. He and Ameri may not be close allies, but the protests—along with the possible coercions of Tehran—have dulled their rivalry. The principal contest in Iraqi politics is no longer their factionalism, but rather the clash of rebellious youth and a panicked state.

]]></description>
<dc:subject>Sadr Iraq repression</dc:subject>
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