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    <title>Chlloe.com - Astonishing Facts About Planet Earth No One Taught Us At School</title>
    <dc:date>2023-02-15T05:21:30+00:00</dc:date>
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    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>astronomy geology Earth biology cosmology history facts factoids scale comparisons evolution population homo people human</dc:subject>
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    <title>Why Humans Give Birth to Helpless Babies - Scientific American Blog Network</title>
    <dc:date>2022-08-27T16:00:56+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/why-humans-give-birth-to-helpless-babies/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>helplessness birth limits research gestation human metabolism demands peer-reviewed evolution theory energy</dc:subject>
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    <title>Why Humans Outlive Apes | Live Science</title>
    <dc:date>2022-03-22T05:35:37+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.livescience.com/9769-humans-outlive-apes.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The oldest known stone tools manufactured by the ancestors of modern humans, which date back some 2.6 million years, apparently helped butcher animal bones. As our forerunners evolved, they became better at capturing and digesting meat, a valuable, high-energy food, by increasing brain and body size and reducing gut size.

Over time, eating red meat, particularly raw flesh infected with parasites in the era before cooking, stimulates chronic inflammation, Finch explained. In response, humans apparently evolved unique variants in a cholesterol-transporting gene, apolipoprotein E, which regulates chronic inflammation as well as many aspects of aging in the brain and arteries.

One variant found in all modern human populations, known as ApoE3, emerged roughly 250,000 years ago, "just before the final stage of evolution of Homo sapiens in Africa," Finch explained.

ApoE3 lowers the risk of most aging diseases, specifically heart disease and Alzheimer's, and is linked with an increased lifespan.

"I suggest that it arose to lower the risk of degenerative disease from the high-fat meat diet they consumed," Finch told LiveScience. "Another benefit is that it promoted brain development."

Curiously, another more ancient variant of apolipoprotein E found in a lesser degree in all human populations is ApoE4, which is linked with high cholesterol, shortened lifespan and degeneration of the arteries and brain.

"The puzzle is, if ApoE4 is so bad, why is it still present?" Finch asked. "It might have some protective effects under some circumstances. A little bit of data suggests that with hepatitis C, you have less liver damage if you have ApoE4."]]></description>
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    <title>What If the Supercontinent Pangaea Had Never Broken Up? | Live Science</title>
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    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>geology prehistory Pangea Pangaea supercontinent tectonic drift collision continents evolution speciation isolation</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/swine-flu-roots-traced-to-spanish-flu-1.843245">
    <title>Swine flu roots traced to Spanish flu | CBC News</title>
    <dc:date>2021-07-26T22:06:07+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/swine-flu-roots-traced-to-spanish-flu-1.843245</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://venturebeat.com/2014/02/06/7-great-companies-that-really-should-not-exist/">
    <title>7 great companies that really should not exist | VentureBeat</title>
    <dc:date>2021-07-15T02:40:01+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://venturebeat.com/2014/02/06/7-great-companies-that-really-should-not-exist/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>new old media web services apps comparison technology tech evolution mobile desktop demographics generations capitalism markets</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://darwinian-medicine.com/intermittent-fasting-the-default-eating-pattern-for-homo-sapiens/">
    <title>Intermittent Fasting: The Default Eating Pattern for Homo Sapiens?</title>
    <dc:date>2019-08-05T18:48:44+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://darwinian-medicine.com/intermittent-fasting-the-default-eating-pattern-for-homo-sapiens/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>intermittent fasting evolution history anthropology diet</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/why-are-babies-so-dumb-if-humans-are-so-smart">
    <title>Why Are Babies So Dumb If Humans Are So Smart? | The New Yorker</title>
    <dc:date>2019-04-26T04:19:05+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/why-are-babies-so-dumb-if-humans-are-so-smart</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/06/22/helpless-at-birth-why-human-babies-are-different-than-other-animals/">
    <title>Helpless at birth: Why human babies are different than other animals - Genetic Literacy Project</title>
    <dc:date>2019-04-26T04:12:50+00:00</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/39/4/489/4982126?__s=dyb5besisjpaqonnmfuj">
    <title>Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic</title>
    <dc:date>2018-08-30T15:00:19+00:00</dc:date>
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    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[metabolic flexibility can be placed in the broad context of health and disease and a deeper understanding of its intricacies will significantly affect health care. As a final note, the situation portrayed here does not necessarily reflect that of each individual. Because of the genetic and epigenetic disparity of humans and the enormous varieties in lifestyle, it is not unthinkable that each person fashions a unique way to maintain energy homeostasis. In light of the rapid developments in the field of nutrigenomics and personalized medicine, future research will likely focus on the union between metabolic flexibility and personalized medicine.]]></description>
<dc:subject>metabolic metabolism flexibility evolution genetics epigenetics individual variation endocrine neurotransmitter hormone insulin peer-reviewed research pathophysiology risk genetic factor energy homeostasis</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAesMQ6VtK8">
    <title>How China Is Changing Your Internet | The New York Times - YouTube</title>
    <dc:date>2017-07-18T15:33:16+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAesMQ6VtK8</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>Internet China globalism protectionism evolution technology technological SoMe social media</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160509-humans-have-been-committing-murder-for-millions-of-years?ocid=ww.social.link.twitter">
    <title>BBC - Earth - The real reason why humans sometimes turn killer</title>
    <dc:date>2017-07-09T15:50:58+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160509-humans-have-been-committing-murder-for-millions-of-years?ocid=ww.social.link.twitter</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[a more hopeful message than the headline might suggest]]></description>
<dc:subject>animal ethology behavior evolution bonobo chimpanzee human origin violence culture</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/03/507562845/staying-fit-isnt-a-new-years-resolution-for-these-hunter-gatherers">
    <title>Researchers Strapped Fitness Devices On Hadza Men And Women To See How Active They Are : Goats and Soda : NPR</title>
    <dc:date>2017-01-03T21:54:54+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/03/507562845/staying-fit-isnt-a-new-years-resolution-for-these-hunter-gatherers</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["You put a bit of activity into everything you do. Forget this artificial distinction between exercise and life."]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.docfoc.com/ir-and-hyperinsulinemia-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry">
    <title>IR and Hyperinsulinemia Insulin Resistance: A Survival Mechanism, Gone Awry Stan Schwartz MD,FACP Affiliate, Main Line Health System Emeritus, Clinical. - Documents</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:51:47+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.docfoc.com/ir-and-hyperinsulinemia-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-5/">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 5</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:50:43+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-5/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-4/">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 4</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:50:16+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-4/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-3/">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 3</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:49:49+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-3/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-2/">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 2</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:49:00+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-2/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:6275bc8b22ac/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-1/">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 1</title>
    <dc:date>2016-06-11T18:48:33+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-1/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>insulin resistance evolution human</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:784e36efb361/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/science/ancient-humans-may-have-left-a-genetic-mark-on-neanderthals.html?_r=2">
    <title>In Neanderthals’ DNA, Ancient Humans May Have Left Genetic Mark - The New York Times</title>
    <dc:date>2016-02-18T01:55:29+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/science/ancient-humans-may-have-left-a-genetic-mark-on-neanderthals.html?_r=2</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>anthropology evolution human origins diversity archeology genus homo hominids neanderthalensis</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:ed45eb4dd3cf/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/evolution/12159022/Mystery-hobbits-not-humans-like-us-study-finds.html">
    <title>Mystery 'hobbits' not humans like us, study finds - Telegraph</title>
    <dc:date>2016-02-18T01:50:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/evolution/12159022/Mystery-hobbits-not-humans-like-us-study-finds.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>anthropology evolution human origins diversity archeology genus homo hominids floresiensis</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:2b677450fe0d/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/articles/87-homerun-slides/17744-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-2">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 2</title>
    <dc:date>2015-04-08T03:29:49+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/articles/87-homerun-slides/17744-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-2</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>evolution human animal insulin resistance survival adaptation glucose</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:458c5e9b531f/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=17780&amp;Itemid=59">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, part 3</title>
    <dc:date>2015-04-07T03:09:17+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=17780&amp;Itemid=59</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>evolution human animal insulin resistance survival adaptation glucose</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:259278a2f0a8/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/articles/87-homerun-slides/17719-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-1">
    <title>Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 1</title>
    <dc:date>2015-04-07T03:08:33+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/articles/87-homerun-slides/17719-insulin-resistance-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry-part-1</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[To download the complete set of slides in PowerPoint (.ppt) format, just use this link: Insulin Resistance - A Survival Mechanism Gone Awry, Part 1 Advertisement]]></description>
<dc:subject>evolution human animal insulin survival adaptation glucose resistance</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:f69e29b02edb/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/mar/08/first-human-jawbone-discovery-africa">
    <title>First human? The jawbone that has made us question where we’re from | Chris Stringer | Global | The Guardian</title>
    <dc:date>2015-03-09T13:47:13+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/mar/08/first-human-jawbone-discovery-africa</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>evolution human origin speciation theory earnest</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:e3da76b23471/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/12/ability-consume-alcohol-may-have-shaped-primate-evolution">
    <title>Ability to consume alcohol may have shaped primate evolution | Science/AAAS | News</title>
    <dc:date>2015-02-20T02:01:37+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/12/ability-consume-alcohol-may-have-shaped-primate-evolution</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>alcohol adaptation mutation human evolution</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:24bfb9329855/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:alcohol"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:mutation"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/uoc--ssb100611.php">
    <title>Sexual selection by sugar molecule helped determine human origins | EurekAlert! Science News</title>
    <dc:date>2015-02-20T01:56:07+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/uoc--ssb100611.php</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>sugar mutation human evolution</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:55dd934629cc/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:human"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://io9.com/5848107/how-sugar-molecules-secretly-shaped-human-evolution">
    <title>How sugar molecules secretly shaped human evolution</title>
    <dc:date>2015-02-20T01:16:46+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://io9.com/5848107/how-sugar-molecules-secretly-shaped-human-evolution</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>sugar mutation human evolution</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:4e99bd9e7ec1/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110207165424.htm">
    <title>Evolution led to genetic variation that may affect diabetes, scientist says -- ScienceDaily</title>
    <dc:date>2015-02-19T03:43:01+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110207165424.htm</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["Like other humans at the time, the Eurasian population really had to fight for survival," said Hsu. "Now we're starting to pinpoint how they did that on a molecular level. These gene variants, and the resulting higher blood sugar levels it fostered, may have helped women maintain successful pregnancies in the face of the inevitable famines that occur in an agriculturally based society. Now, in a more food-secure environment, variations in GIP could contribute to the development of diabetes or obesity."]]></description>
<dc:subject>diabetes evolution human recent mutation genetic variant blood glucose natural selection etiology risk factor theory genetics cause</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:5ee708769398/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/what-if-were-wrong-about-depression/?_r=0">
    <title>What If We’re Wrong About Depression? - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2015-01-30T01:10:03+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/what-if-were-wrong-about-depression/?_r=0</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[His team has experimented with treating depressed patients with an anti-inflammatory drug, and found that those with high levels of a particular blood marker for inflammation improved significantly. “This for us in psychiatry is a first,” he said, “where you can actually measure something in the blood.” Such an approach “gets into personalized medicine in a way that is very exciting for us in psychiatry.”

However, he cautioned, “nobody’s figured out what’s the best anti-inflammatory.” And most researchers “are still at the point of the proof of concept, making sure that if you do in fact block inflammation that that would reduce these behavioral changes.”

Dr. Miller also noted that only about 20 to 30 percent of depressed patients show high levels of inflammation. These patients are also less likely than others to respond well to current forms of treatment for depression.

Indeed, what many researchers seem to agree on is that depression may not be one illness at all. It’s “probably the case that it’s not a single disorder,” said Dr. Hollon. “It’s probably the fever of modern psychiatry — a lot of different things can cause it.”]]></description>
<dc:subject>risk inflammation trauma childhood evolution depression adaptation etiology treatment theory factor</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:9cce2b6a1d1c/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:trauma"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/07/darwins-complete-galapagos-library-posted-online/">
    <title>Darwin’s complete Galapagos library posted online | Ars Technica</title>
    <dc:date>2014-08-12T13:17:09+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/07/darwins-complete-galapagos-library-posted-online/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Darwin’s complete Galapagos library posted online ]]></description>
<dc:subject>evolution theory history Charles Darwin earnest books</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:71efb4d9e897/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:Charles"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://new.ted.com/talks/jeremy_rifkin_on_the_empathic_civilization">
    <title>Jeremy Rifkin: The empathic civilization | Talk Video | TED</title>
    <dc:date>2014-02-21T16:26:54+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://new.ted.com/talks/jeremy_rifkin_on_the_empathic_civilization</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>human social evolution survival consciousness global Jeremy Rifkin research empathy brain</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:3307da491c29/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/seeing-x-chromosomes-in-a-new-light.html?_r=3">
    <title>Seeing X Chromosomes in a New Light - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2014-01-24T20:33:47+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/seeing-x-chromosomes-in-a-new-light.html?_r=3</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Informative, despite the weirdly stupid third paragraph.]]></description>
<dc:subject>x chromosome genetics reproduction evolution sex difference earnest</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:9f6450427246/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.businessinsider.com/english-has-a-new-preposition-thanks-to-internet-2013-11#!">
    <title>English Has A New Preposition Thanks To Internet - Business Insider</title>
    <dc:date>2013-12-19T01:42:36+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.businessinsider.com/english-has-a-new-preposition-thanks-to-internet-2013-11#!</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>language usage evolution because irony culture</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:112e4c465588/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.raptitude.com/2010/10/9-mind-bending-epiphanies-that-turned-my-world-upside-down/?awesm=fbshare.me_AV3k9">
    <title>9 Mind-Bending Epiphanies That Turned My World Upside-Down</title>
    <dc:date>2013-10-13T14:07:49+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.raptitude.com/2010/10/9-mind-bending-epiphanies-that-turned-my-world-upside-down/?awesm=fbshare.me_AV3k9</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>epistemology consciousness self subjectivity objectivity mind thought thinking evolution earnest David.E time suffering experience phenomenology popnotes</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:34761f8d3140/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://thoughtcatalog.com/2012/9-mind-blowing-epiphanies-that-turned-my-world-upside-down/#!">
    <title>9 Mind-Blowing Epiphanies That Turned My World Upside-Down | Thought Catalog</title>
    <dc:date>2013-10-13T14:03:34+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://thoughtcatalog.com/2012/9-mind-blowing-epiphanies-that-turned-my-world-upside-down/#!</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>epistemology consciousness self subjectivity objectivity mind thought thinking evolution earnest David.E time suffering experience phenomenology popnotes</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:c074439725fb/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://machineslikeus.com/news/evolution-will-punish-you-if-youre-selfish-and-mean">
    <title>'Evolution will punish you if you're selfish and mean' | Machines Like Us</title>
    <dc:date>2013-08-02T04:40:38+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://machineslikeus.com/news/evolution-will-punish-you-if-youre-selfish-and-mean</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA['Evolution will punish you if you're selfish and mean'  #evolution #CMMevolution via @MachinesLikeUs, @carlmingmoon]]></description>
<dc:subject>CMMevolution evolution</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://twitter.com/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:8c9fba094c0e/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:evolution"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/science/young-women-often-trendsetters-in-vocal-patterns.html?pagewanted=all">
    <title>Young Women Often Trendsetters in Vocal Patterns - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2013-05-03T04:53:26+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/science/young-women-often-trendsetters-in-vocal-patterns.html?pagewanted=all</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>research language evolution change young women</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/human-ancestor-fire-120402.htm">
    <title>Humans Used Fire 1 Million Years Ago : Discovery News</title>
    <dc:date>2013-04-28T02:06:34+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/human-ancestor-fire-120402.htm</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>human origins fire culture cooking evolution archeology technology energy</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:dc87303e097d/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://pets.webmd.com/cats/features/why-cats-purr?page=1">
    <title>Why Cats Purr: History and Meaning of Purring</title>
    <dc:date>2013-04-25T20:04:26+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://pets.webmd.com/cats/features/why-cats-purr?page=1</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[[Cats] purr when in pain or in labor, when ill or injured, or even when near death. Kittens also purr soon after birth. What could account for all this energy expenditure - especially during times of vulnerability? Could it be there’s a significant survival advantage?

Researcher Elizabeth von Muggenthaler of the Fauna Communications Research Institute in North Carolina (FCRI) is a specialist in the field of bioacoustics. This is the study of the frequency, pitch, loudness, and duration of animal sounds related to their behavior. She was one of the first to pull several strands of research together, and propose that felines do gain evolutionary healing advantages from the purr.

Many experts theorize that the 25 Hz frequency of the cat’s purr might offer a kind of built-in physical therapy. It’s probably no accident that this frequency is also used in humans to help wounds heal faster, Hart says....

Cats have overtaken dogs as the number one pet in the U.S., where 60% of homes have at least one pet, says Rebecca Johnson, PhD, RN, FAAN, director of the Research Center for Human Animal Interaction. Maybe one reason is because cats do a better job of lowering stress and blood pressure than many other pets, and purring may help with that.

 “Purring is an auditory stimulus that people attribute to peacefulness and calmness," Johnson says. Whether right or wrong, we generally construe it as something positive. “That gives us positive reinforcement for what we’re doing and can contribute to the whole relaxation effect when we interact with our cats.”]]></description>
<dc:subject>cats purring evolution blood pressure relaxation healing evolutionary advantage ethology research animals selection hatmandu David.E earnest treatment</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/human-sexuality-is-naturally-promiscuous-primarily-amorous/">
    <title>Human sexuality is naturally promiscuous, primarily amorous | Ars Technica</title>
    <dc:date>2013-03-06T00:59:29+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/human-sexuality-is-naturally-promiscuous-primarily-amorous/</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Ryan argued that human sexuality evolved to function first and foremost as a bonding function, with reproduction being secondary (note this is sexuality, and not sex itself). This would mean that humans are indeed very similar to chimps and bonobos, which use sex for social purposes. Bonobos take socially driven sex to an extreme, in both hetero- and homosexual ways.

Ryan noted that the standard narrative of human sexuality is that men have bargained for women’s sexual functions by being providers/hunters, and women have complied as a result of this benefaction and protection. But the problem with this narrative, he suggested, is that the origin of human civilization doesn’t support this model. Before the advent of agriculture, we lived in hunter/gatherer societies that were fiercely egalitarian. Everything was shared.

Wouldn’t that include sexual relationships? Ryan says yes. Sexual exclusivity came later, after the advent of agriculture and more complex notions of property and exclusivity arose. But this development doesn’t change our nature. “Just because you have chosen to be a vegetarian,” he jokes, “doesn’t mean that bacon stops smelling good.” Just because we live in societies that generally organize around monogamous principles does not mean monogamy is the natural state of human sexuality. Like chimps and bonobos, it is natural for humans to have sexual desires for bonding.

In the end, Ryan argues that we must cease to conflate desires with property rights. We need to move beyond "men are from Mars and women are from Venus," he proclaimed to much applause. "The truth is that men are from Africa and women are from Africa.”]]></description>
<dc:subject>sex sexualityhuman origins primates drive evolution TheLightedBridge social bonding communalism agriculture hunter-gatherer property rights marriage monogamy sexual exclusivity animal animals ethology</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121004093508.htm">
    <title>Anthropologist finds evidence of hominin meat eating 1.5 million years ago: Eating meat may have 'made us human'</title>
    <dc:date>2013-01-30T02:19:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121004093508.htm</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>human origins meat-eating nutritional deficiency diet evolution research peer-reviewed brain development protein meat</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121003195122.htm">
    <title>Early humans began eating meat earlier than thought: Oldest known evidence of anemia caused by a nutritional deficiency</title>
    <dc:date>2013-01-30T02:16:44+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121003195122.htm</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>human origins meat-eating nutritional deficiency diet evolution research peer-reviewed meat</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10750-why-altruism-paid-off-for-our-ancestors.html">
    <title>Why altruism paid off for our ancestors - life - 07 December 2006 - New Scientist</title>
    <dc:date>2012-10-23T02:59:03+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10750-why-altruism-paid-off-for-our-ancestors.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Bowles also worked out that early customs such as food sharing or monogamy could have levelled out the "cost" of altruistic behaviour, in the same way that income taxes redistribute income in society. He assembled genetic, climactic, archaeological, ethnographic and experimental data to examine the cost-benefit relationship of human cooperation in ancient populations.

In his model, members of a group bearing genes for altruistic behaviour pay a "tax" by limiting their reproductive opportunities to benefit from sharing food and information, thereby increasing the average fitness of the group as well as their inter-relatedness. Bands of altruistic humans would then act together to gain resources from other groups at this challenging time in history.

For example, an injury may be one of the costs of defending the group during an intergroup conflict: a broken leg could be fatal for an individual who may starve through being unable to obtain his own food. But food sharing would make it less of a risk for individuals to participate in these conflicts, Bowles says.
One-woman men

The archaeological and ethnographic data he used showed that 13% to 15% of foragers died from wars, which were common between groups. Bowles's mathematical models suggest that altruism must have been a significant factor in these populations. Although Bowles admits that he has found no evidence for any gene for human altruism, he says that if such a genetic disposition were to exist, group conflict would have played an important role in its development.

Monogamy would also level the playing field within the group, he showed in his statistical analysis. "Monogamy limits the ability of the stronger or more aggressive males to monopolise copulation," says Bowles. "Humans are very unusual in this way."

Bowles's paper is original, says Robert Boyd at the University of California, Los Angeles, US, who wrote an accompanying paper. A model of the evolution of altruism based on group selection is now more plausible, he says.]]></description>
<dc:subject>cooperation evolution human origins TheLightedBridge altruism research evolutionary advantage survival empathy social consciousness</dc:subject>
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<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:ed2449512130/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/340400.html">
    <title>Survival of the fittest</title>
    <dc:date>2012-10-22T06:42:43+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/340400.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The idea that species adapt and change by natural selection with the best suited mutations becoming dominant.

Origin
This expression is often attributed to Charles Darwin and, although it appears in the fifth edition of his Origin of Species, 1869, it is there attributed to Herbert Spencer:
    "The expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the survival of the fittest is more accurate..."
Spencer had published The principles of biology in 1864. In that he referred to 'survival of the fittest' twice:
    "This survival of the fittest, implies multiplication of the fittest."
    "This survival of the fittest... is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life'."

By 'fittest', of course, Spencer and Darwin didn't have in mind the commonly used meaning of the word now, i.e. the most highly trained and physically energetic. The 'fittest' referred to here are those animals which are the most suited to their environment, i.e. those which are best fitted to survive.]]></description>
<dc:subject>Survival of the fittest Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer natural selection evolution history ideas wordss language phrase finder idioms expressions reference sayings</dc:subject>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.npr.org/2011/11/14/142309214/meaning-of-everything-often-lost-in-translation">
    <title>'A Fish In Your Ear': What Gets Lost In Translation : NPR</title>
    <dc:date>2012-04-23T03:52:51+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.npr.org/2011/11/14/142309214/meaning-of-everything-often-lost-in-translation</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["When you use [Google Translate] to take a letter from a Swedish girlfriend and check that you have understood what she meant, that's fine, if your Swedish is a bit ropey. ... Google Translate has many perfectly sensible and viable uses, and it's a most impressive intellectual and technical achievement. But ... Google itself wouldn't think of using Google Translate to produce its publicity literature in the languages in which it sells its services. It uses human translators to do that....
"Every human language can fulfill all the needs that its users want to make of it. And if it really needs a word to articulate the wrist and distinguish the hand from the arm, well, they'll jolly well invent one so as to do so. And if they haven't invented one, it's because actually their [are] sort of other ways around it, because life is a very flexible thing.
"I'm personally very skeptical of the idea that any language, any of the languages that human communities have, constrains them to talk about the world in any particular way. It may make it easier to talk about the world in some particular ways, but if you really need to make a distinction, well, you invent a word. You do something new. Language is forever changing in response to [its] users' need."]]></description>
<dc:subject>translation language machine technology consciousness meaning evolution books PLAY audio</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
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<item rdf:about="http://m.discovermagazine.com/2011/evolution/23-how-we-won-the-hominid-wars/article_view?b_start:int=1&amp;-C=">
    <title>How We Won the Hominid Wars, and All the Others Died Out | Human Evolution | DISCOVER Magazine</title>
    <dc:date>2012-03-25T06:14:55+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://m.discovermagazine.com/2011/evolution/23-how-we-won-the-hominid-wars/article_view?b_start:int=1&amp;-C=</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[In one of your essays, you ask the question “Are we it?”—are we the final blossom of the human flower? What is your answer?  

Actually, my answer to “Are we it?” is to turn the assumption on its head. Considering that we are the only survivor of a diverse family tree—that is, an evolutionary tree characterized by lots of extinction—the notion that our twig is the final blossom of evolution is incredibly outdated. It’s incorrect no matter how ingrained it is in our thinking. Our amazing adaptability has allowed us to shape the environment to our own needs. This transformation has taken place in a remarkable period of climate stability, over the past 8,000 years or so. One deeply ironic result is that we have now narrowed our own options at a time when climate fluctuation appears to be increasing. Of an estimated 15,000 species of mammals and birds, fewer than 14 account for 90 percent of what we eat. Of more than 10,000 edible plants, three crops—wheat, rice, and corn—provide half the world’s calories. And through greenhouse gases released by burning fossil fuels, we’re pulling on the strings of the earth’s unstable climate.

 By narrowing our options at a time of increasing instability, could we be inadvertently engineering our demise?

 I see two possible scenarios for the future. We could change our current course and try to work carefully with the natural dynamics of the planet and the uncertainties of the environment, especially when it comes to our own inadvertent effects. Or we could continue shaping the earth in our own image, so to speak. We could theoretically, through engineering, create a membrane around the earth that controls temperature and rainfall, for instance. These two courses represent two very different views of the earth and our place on it. Whether the next chapter of the human story will be the last chapter may depend on the balance we strike between those two courses.]]></description>
<dc:subject>human evolution origins theory adaptability TheLightedBridge hatmandu earnest</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:97da7587e159/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/03/mysterious-hog-farm-explosions-stump-scientists.ars">
    <title>Mysterious hog farm explosions stump scientists</title>
    <dc:date>2012-03-14T19:10:04+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/03/mysterious-hog-farm-explosions-stump-scientists.ars</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Inside the foam’s bubbles, methane reaches levels of 60 to 70 percent, or more than four times what’s considered dangerous. The foam can reach depths of more than four feet.

Disturb the bubbles, and enormous quantities of methane are released in a very short time. Add a spark—from, say, a bit of routine metal repair, as happened in a September 2011 accident that killed 1,500 hogs and injured a worker—and the barn will blow.]]></description>
<dc:subject>Earth survival outbasket evolution bacterial microbial biophysics agriculture agribusiness genesis methane David.E tenthatco earnest outbox</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/health/depression-defies-rush-to-find-evolutionary-upside.html?_r=4&amp;ref=science">
    <title>Depression Defies Rush to Find Evolutionary Upside - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2012-02-21T06:46:15+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/health/depression-defies-rush-to-find-evolutionary-upside.html?_r=4&amp;ref=science</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[According to the World Health Organization, depression is the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease, projected to reach second place by 2020. There is also strong evidence that it is an independent risk factor for heart disease, and several studies show that prolonged depression is associated with selective and possibly permanent damage to the hippocampus, a region of the brain critical to memory and learning.
Add the fact that 2 percent to 12 percent of depressed people eventually commit suicide, and the [supposed evolutionary] “advantages” of depression suddenly don’t look so good....
What is natural, the thinking goes, is best. If we are designed to suffer depression in response to life’s ills, there must be a good reason for it, and we should allow it to take its painful and natural course.
But unlike ordinary sadness, the natural course of depression can be devastating and lethal. And while sadness is useful, clinical depression signals a failure to adapt to stress or loss, because it impairs a person’s ability to solve the very dilemmas that triggered it.
Even if depression is “natural” and evolved from an emotional state that might once have given us some advantage, that doesn’t make it any more desirable than other maladies. Nature offers us cancer, infections and heart disease, which we happily avoid and do our best to treat. Depression is no different.]]></description>
<dc:subject>disability morbidity mortality risk depression evolution theory comorbidities brain medical research hippocampus cardiovascular mental health illness chronic hatmandu earnest</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://io9.com/5794209/what-cannabis-actually-does-to-your-brain">
    <title>What cannabis actually does to your brain</title>
    <dc:date>2012-02-06T19:15:42+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://io9.com/5794209/what-cannabis-actually-does-to-your-brain</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Scientists have proven that cannabis does have medical usefulness, and the more we learn the more intriguing these discoveries become. Since the early 1980s, medical researchers have published about how cannabis relieves pressure in the eye, thus easing the symptoms of glaucoma, a disease that causes blindness. THC is also "neuroprotective," meaning in essence that it prevents brain damage. Some studies have suggested that cannabis could mitigate the effects of Alzheimer's for this reason.
At the same time, we know that THC interferes with memory, and it's still uncertain what kinds of long-term effects the drug could have on memory functioning. No one has been able to prove definitively that it does or does not erode memory strength over time.
[Article strength: quite specific about potentially adverse effects on brain and body before the cautious statement above about neuroprotective effects.
Weaknesses: Ignores action of other cannabinoids and cannabinols. Sets up a false opposition insofar as the short-term memory effects seem to be about memory formation, not memory retention or loss. No citations.—DMM]]]></description>
<dc:subject>THC cannabis neuroprotection mitigation Alzheimer's glaucoma medical research neuroreceptors brain pain hunger cravings inflammation archeology evolution human drug effects risk benefit memory Annalee Newitz prevention protection cognition dementia marijuana neuropathy neurotransmitters correlation</dc:subject>
<dc:source>https://pinboard.in/</dc:source>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/vitamin-d-could-combat-effects-aging-eyes">
    <title>Vitamin D Could Combat the Effects of Aging in Eyes | Jeffery G et al. Neurobiology of Aging. 2012-01</title>
    <dc:date>2012-01-20T03:30:50+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/vitamin-d-could-combat-effects-aging-eyes</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Inflammation and the [age-related accumulation of the toxic molecule amyloid beta contribute to] increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the largest cause of blindness in people over 50 in the developed world...
"When we gave older mice the vitamin D we found that deposits of amyloid beta were reduced in their eyes and the mice showed an associated improvement of vision. [Amyloid beta is linked to Alzheimer's disease;] new evidence suggests that vitamin D could have a role in reducing its build up in the brain"...
Professor Jeffery and his team...found that the mice that had been given the vitamin D supplement also had significantly less amyloid beta built up in their blood vessels, including in the aorta...
"[V]itamin D could be useful in helping to prevent a range of age-related health problems, from deteriorating vision to heart disease"....
For much of human history our ancestors lived in Africa, probably without clothes, and so were exposed to strong sunlight all year round. This would have triggered vitamin D production in the skin. Humans have only moved to less sunny parts of the world and adopted clothing relatively recently and so might not be well adapted to reduced exposure to the sun.]]></description>
<dc:subject>amyloid beta Alzheimer's what.I'm.reading eyes supplements vitamin cardiovascular heart circulation pathology improvement D diet sunlight evolution human prevention protection brain macular degeneration medical research peer-reviewed disease neuroprotection cognition dementia T2D diabetes correlation insulin neuroendocrine risk inflammation resistance neurotransmitter type 2 3 blood glucose sugar fats lipids</dc:subject>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:lipids"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.philly.com/philly/health_and_science/128961708.html">
    <title>Diet affects type of bacteria in intestines | Philadelphia Inquirer | 09/02/2011</title>
    <dc:date>2011-09-03T00:06:29+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.philly.com/philly/health_and_science/128961708.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[[People on high protein-fat diets tend to have intestines with more of the bacteria called Bacteroides; others have] more microbes from the genus Prevotella...

[Regular consumption of certain things, including red wine and aspartame, maps] to subtle changes in the gut bacteria....

Other factors [correlated with gut flora type include whether birth is vaginal or cesarean, and whether a mother breast-feeds. Chronic disease, excessive antibiotics, and genetics may also play a role]...

[Microbial cells in the body outnumber] human cells by a factor of 10-1....

[Some intestinal microbes directly assist in digestion;] others influence which human genes are "turned up or turned down"...

Obesity is a subject of particular interest to bacteria researchers, because of the recent epidemic. Lewis said it was unlikely that microbes alone could explain the increase, given the increase in portion sizes and the decline in exercise. Still, he said there are hints that bacteria indeed play a role.]]></description>
<dc:subject>inheritance epigenetics culture obesity fat digestion bacteria gut flora symbiosis evolution genetics medical research peer-reviewed David.E body environment earnest correlation microbiota probiotic benefit beneficial</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:a23cb3d31d69/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://ncse.com/news/2011/07/victory-evolution-texas-006802">
    <title>Victory for evolution in Texas | NCSE</title>
    <dc:date>2011-07-25T04:36:14+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://ncse.com/news/2011/07/victory-evolution-texas-006802</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Texas students once again allowed to learn science. ]]></description>
<dc:subject>science pseudoscience evolution teaching schools politics Texas US</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:844ac130c44f/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:evolution"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/evolutionary-conservation-fat-metabolism-pathways-salk-institute-scientists-say-if-they-aint">
    <title>Evolutionary Conservation of Fat Metabolism Pathways: Salk Institute Scientists Say &quot;If They Ain't broke, Don't Fix 'Em&quot;</title>
    <dc:date>2011-06-27T03:32:19+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/evolutionary-conservation-fat-metabolism-pathways-salk-institute-scientists-say-if-they-aint</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA["The metabolic system is like a hybrid car. [Daytime we use glucose as high octane fuel; at night we switch to the battery of stored fat...SIK3 promotes lipid storage during feeding hours by blocking fat breakdown that normally only functions during fasting]....The complexity of this molecular machine [and its presence in different organisms likely reflects its importance in switching the fat batteries on or off]."
[The SIK3/HDAC4/FOXO machine found in the fruitfly also switches metabolism in mice.]
"Virtually all important components of the insulin pathway are conserved in flies and mammals"... 
[Such similarities exemplify nature's reluctance to improve on a good thing, especially one determining survival. "That these pathways are used wholesale in flies and humans is striking. An adaptation that works well will likely be] conserved".... 
"The human counterparts of HDAC4 and SIK3 may be mutated in ways that make them work less effectively and enhance our proclivity to become obese."]]></description>
<dc:subject>evolution metabolism diabetes correlatons medical research in vivo famine scarcity plenty adaptation environment food earnest environmental risk factors</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:831e8e5f086c/</dc:identifier>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18188538">
    <title>Geophagy: soil consumption enhances the bioactivities of plants eaten by chimpanzees [Naturwissenschaften. 2008] - PubMed result</title>
    <dc:date>2011-06-10T07:45:00+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18188538</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[[Deliberate ingestion of soil is widespread among animals, including humans. Motivations and consequences of geophagy on health remain unclear. We studied Ugandan chimpanzees after observing they sometimes ingest soil shortly before or after consuming leaves of Trichilia rubescens, an in-vitro anti-malarial. Analyses of soil eaten by chimpanzees and soil used by the local healer to treat diarrhea revealed like composition, the clay being dominated by kaolinite. We modeled interaction between soil and leaf samples] in gastric and intestinal compartments and assayed the anti-malarial properties of these solutions. [Both soil samples enhanced the pharmacological properties of the bio-available gastric fraction. Geophagy's adaptive function is likely multi-factorial. Still, medical literature and most occidental people usually consider human geophagy as aberrant. We provide] new evidence to view geophagy as a practice for maintaining health, explaining its persistence through evolution.]]></description>
<dc:subject>geophagy kaolin clay medicinal treatment malaria tropics primates medical research in vitro natural remedies adaptation evolution self care</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:5bbf1765dbd6/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:medicinal"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668315">
    <title>Adaptive function of soil consumption: an in vitro... [J Exp Biol. 2004] - PubMed result</title>
    <dc:date>2011-06-10T07:13:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668315</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Deliberate soil consumption [is poorly understood. Human geophagy may be considered aberrant or a sign of metabolic dysfunction; however, geophagy is normally considered adaptive in other primates and taxa. Clay-rich soil is posited as adsorbing plant metabolites or diarrhea-causing enterotoxins. We tested kaolin, a commonly ingested clay, as an adsorbent of alkaloid quinine and 2 types of digestion-inhibiting tannin, using the TNO Intestinal Model, a device that simulates digestion. Kaolin reduced bioavailability of each compound by ≤30%. We could not replicate clay-epithelial adhesion and reduced motility, so results may underestimate adsorption in vivo. Kaolin fails to render calcium oxalate soluble. Gastrointestinal adsorption seems] the most plausible function of human geophagy. Adaptive advantages include greater exploitation of marginal plant foods and reduced energetic costs of diarrhoea, [which may account for the tropical prevalence of geophagy in children and the pregnant].]]></description>
<dc:subject>adaptation evolution digestion clay geophagy medical research in vitro modeling toxin adsorption diet treatment diarrhea pregnancy tropics alkaloid culture self care</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:1e06a92246e3/</dc:identifier>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:clay"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1989412">
    <title>Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy [Am J Clin Nutr. 1991] - PubMed result</title>
    <dc:date>2011-06-09T23:06:09+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1989412</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Clays employed historically in the consumption of astringent acorns plus seven edible clays from Africa were examined in relation to the functional significance of human geophagy. On the basis of sorptive maxima for tannic acid ranging from 5.6 to 23.7 mg/g, we conclude that adsorption of tannic acid in traditional acorn preparation methods in California and Sardinia helped make these nuts palatable. Calcium available in solution at pH 2.0 and 0.1 mol NaCl/L was 2.10 and 0.71 mg/g for the Sardinian and Californian clays, respectively. The African clays released calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, or zinc in amounts of nutritional significance from some clays but not from others. A clay recovered from [a] site occupied by Homo erectus and early H. sapiens was indistinguishable mineralogically, in detoxification capacity and in available minerals, from clays used in Africa today. [The physiological significance of geophagy placed it] in the evolution of human dietary behavior.]]></description>
<dc:subject>geophagy clay nutrition minerals medical research benefit evolution diet human origin TheLightedBridge cooking culture</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:f854652d50b8/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:geophagy"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:nutrition"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:benefit"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:human"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:TheLightedBridge"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:cooking"/>
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</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=30-years-after-televised-spat-rival-2011-05-05">
    <title>Observations: 30 years After Televised Spat, Rival Anthropologists Agree to Bury the Hand-Ax</title>
    <dc:date>2011-06-09T09:05:54+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=30-years-after-televised-spat-rival-2011-05-05</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Lucy—and the question of her place in the family tree—intensified this rivalry, because Johanson proposed that Lucy's species, Australopithecus afarensis, was older than and ancestral to our genus, Homo, whereas Leakey argued that Homo had very ancient roots, which would have excluded the then-known australopithecines as ancestors. Their disagreement...culminated in a very public falling-out in 1981 during a recorded debate between the two men at the American Museum of Natural History[,] later broadcast on Cronkite's Universe. Roger Lewin and Virginia Morell have written at length about this drama-filled moment, as have others. <br />
So it's a big deal that Johanson and Leakey met once again at the American Museum of Natural History and shared the stage for the first time in 30 years to discuss human origins and why it matters. CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta moderated the discussion on May 5, which started at 6:30 p.m. EDT and was streamed live at: http://www.amnh.org/live/]]></description>
<dc:subject>human origin evolution research archeology paleoanthropology debate dispute TheLightedBridge</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:afdef72b978f/</dc:identifier>
<taxo:topics><rdf:Bag>	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:human"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:evolution"/>
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	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:archeology"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:paleoanthropology"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:debate"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:dispute"/>
	<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/t:TheLightedBridge"/>
</rdf:Bag></taxo:topics>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=early-human-fossils-from-south-afri-2011-04-18">
    <title>Observations: Early human fossils from South Africa could upend long-held view of human evolution</title>
    <dc:date>2011-05-09T05:15:41+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=early-human-fossils-from-south-afri-2011-04-18</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[The skull exhibits a suite of traits in common with australopithecines, particularly A. africanus. Yet it also shares [traits with Homo—more] than any other australopithecine....[Mixed traits include] the apelike ribcage and long arms combined with the humanlike hand, with its short fingers and long thumb.... <br />
[Increasing brain size in the Homo lineage has been argued as driving the evolution of the Homo pelvis from the australopithecine], because in early Homo fossils a larger braincase accompanies the modified pelvis. [H]owever, A. sediba, with its tiny brain, has a pelvis that looks a lot like that of early Homo.... <br />
“I would say it’s the shift from habitual bipedalism to more humanlike obligate bipedal locomotion"...[B]ipedalism probably evolved in two stages: in the first...represented by Lucy’s species, early humans still spent a fair amount of time climbing in the trees in addition to walking upright...In the second, they lost their climbing ability and became fully bipedal.]]></description>
<dc:subject>evolution human origin Africa biology brain taxonomy scientific debate</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:dbca1d20802d/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128849908">
    <title>Food For Thought: Meat-Based Diet Made Us Smarter : NPR</title>
    <dc:date>2011-04-27T04:20:37+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128849908</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>brain size neural plasticity neuroplasticity evolution language diet food meat eating omnivore human</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:a4676dc60144/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/65/bbs00000565-00/bbs.dunbar.html">
    <title>Co-evolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans</title>
    <dc:date>2011-04-27T04:19:36+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/65/bbs00000565-00/bbs.dunbar.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>brain size neural plasticity neuroplasticity social evolution language</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:4dd0e6ca01f3/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.askabiologist.org.uk/answers/viewtopic.php?id=3590">
    <title>Floating Forelimbs and Clavicles (Page 1) - Mammals - Ask a Biologist Q&amp;A</title>
    <dc:date>2011-04-21T04:11:16+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.askabiologist.org.uk/answers/viewtopic.php?id=3590</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Reduction or loss of the clavicle is actually normal in both hoofed and carnivorous mammals, so a "floating shoulder" also exists in horses, dogs and many other species. This improves running efficiency because, once the shoulder blade is no longer restrained by the clavicle, it can act almost like an extra limb segment. This results in a lengthened stride, as mentioned on the web page you linked to. Since running speed is equal to stride length times stride frequency (i.e. number of strides per minute, or other unit of time), long stride length allows an animal to run faster without having to move its limbs so quickly.]]></description>
<dc:subject>animals anatomy evolution earnest</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:6b1eb276dd0a/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=reflections-on-biology-and-motherho-2011-02-25">
    <title>Guest Blog: Reflections on biology and motherhood: Where does Homo sapiens fit in?</title>
    <dc:date>2011-04-05T07:20:32+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=reflections-on-biology-and-motherho-2011-02-25</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[Human females...experience parent-offspring conflict in a major way. Do we ‘throw in the towel’ after our last offspring has been born, sacrificing ourselves...? Hell no! We like to enjoy our lives outside of our roles as moms[, to take pride in our post-partum appearance, and to focus our energy on our careers or hobbies. W]e are the poster animals for failure when it comes to biological theories like parent-offspring conflict and terminal investment. Does our selfishness [reduce] the biological fitness of our children? Probably….but [humans aren’t really into the habit of maximizing our biological fitness anyway.] <br />
Despite sometimes pulling the trump card (selfishness) during conflicts with my offspring, I’m pretty sure they will turn out ok. Perhaps one day they will one day...achieve the right balance between sacrifice and selfishness. As any human moms out there will attest, it’s a balance we, unlike most other members of the animal kingdom, struggle to achieve each and every day.]]></description>
<dc:subject>parenting motherhood evolution selfishness self-esteem trade-offs TheLightedBridge self care</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:faabfffdd02b/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E5D8173DF934A25751C0A9629C8B63&amp;pagewanted=all">
    <title>PERSONAL HEALTH - PERSONAL HEALTH - Must I Have Another Glass of Water? Maybe Not, a New Report Says - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2011-03-19T01:46:33+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E5D8173DF934A25751C0A9629C8B63&amp;pagewanted=all</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[[Especially sensitive to salt harm are the old, African-Americans and those] with chronic diseases like hypertension, diabetes and kidney disease.... 
Our vegetarian ancestors consumed less than a gram of salt a day and even heavy meat eaters took in only about 4 grams on good hunting days.... 
Enough sodium is naturally present in foods and beverages to meet the body's need...Only those who labor or exercise strenuously for long periods in hot weather [might] need more sodium.... 
[Evolved in a low-sodium environment, our bodies hang on to however much they can get. Potassium being plentiful in the early human diet, the body releases it] to protect against a hazardous excess, which can cause abnormal heart rhythms and muscular paralysis... 
[We consume far too little potassium, which helps] lower blood pressure, blunt the effects of salt and reduce the risk of kidney stones and bone loss.  [The recommended 4.7 grams of potassium a day for adults is roughly twice typical intake.]]]></description>
<dc:subject>hydration water coffee diet caffeine sodium salt potassium blood pressure risk benefit exercise history evolution prehistory human aging African-American diabetes kidney disease self care earnest physical activity hypertension high correlation</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:948cb8317e2c/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/science/11kin.html?src=recg">
    <title>New View of How Humans Moved Away From Apes - NYTimes.com</title>
    <dc:date>2011-03-13T08:57:38+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/science/11kin.html?src=recg</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[[Among 32 living hunter-gatherer peoples, fewer than 10%] of people in a typical band are close relatives, meaning parents, children or siblings...[The survery provides] a strong foundation for the view that cooperative behavior, as distinct from the fierce aggression between chimp groups, was the turning point that shaped human evolution. If kin selection was much weaker than thought...“then other factors like reciprocity and safeguarding one’s reputation have to be stronger to make cooperation work.” <br />
The finding corroborates an influential new view of early human origins [argued in Bernard Chapais's “Primeval Kinship”]. Dr. Chapais showed how a simple development, the emergence of a pair bond between male and female, would have allowed people to recognize their relatives, something chimps can do only to a limited extent. When family members dispersed to other bands, they would be recognized and neighboring bands would cooperate instead of fighting to the death as chimp groups do.]]></description>
<dc:subject>TheLightedBridge human origin evolution social cooperation kinship consciousness</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics">
    <title>Epigenetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
    <dc:date>2011-03-01T00:16:56+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>epigenetics biology genetics evolution DNA science inheritance familial traits</dc:subject>
<dc:identifier>https://pinboard.in/u:Michael.Massing/b:0ba662a3802b/</dc:identifier>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/missing-sugar-molecule-raises-diabetes-risk-humans">
    <title>Missing Sugar Molecule Raises Diabetes Risk in Humans</title>
    <dc:date>2011-02-28T23:38:45+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.dlife.com/diabetes-news/content/missing-sugar-molecule-raises-diabetes-risk-humans</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><description><![CDATA[For reasons lost in the mists of evolution, a mutation in a gene called CMAH occurred about 2 to 3 million years ago, inactivating an enzyme in humans that catalyzes production of Neu5Gc by adding a single oxygen atom to Neu5Ac....
Kim’s group compared mice with a functional CMAH gene to mice with a human-like mutation in CMAH[, developed by earlier researchers. Fed a high-fat diet, m]ice in both groups became obese and developed insulin resistance. [O]nly mice with the CMAH gene mutation experienced pancreatic beta cell failure.... 
[T]he findings help refine understanding of why obese humans appear to be particularly vulnerable to type 2 diabetes, and also suggest that current animal models used to study diabetes may not accurately mirror the human condition. In clinical terms...further research to determine how sialic acid composition affects pancreatic beta cell function may reveal new strategies to preserve the cells, improve insulin production and prevent diabetes.]]></description>
<dc:subject>research models modeling mouse theory limitations genetics evolution diabetes risk human type 2 medical peer-reviewed T2D correlation insulin resistance etiology factor genetic cause factors chicken-and-egg</dc:subject>
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    <title>Epigenetics, DNA: How You Can Change Your Genes, Destiny - TIME</title>
    <dc:date>2011-02-28T05:00:26+00:00</dc:date>
    <link>http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1951968-1,00.html</link>
    <dc:creator>Michael.Massing</dc:creator><dc:subject>genetics epigenetics DNA biology evolution research theory</dc:subject>
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